Dinitrooxylead

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 英文名称: Dinitrooxylead
• 化学式: N2O6Pb
• 分子量: 331.0
• InChiKey: RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.86
• 重原子数：
  9
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  126
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

代谢

鲫鱼（Cyprinus carpio）在含有0到20毫克铅/升的硝酸铅溶液中培养了48小时，同时添加或不添加三种螯合剂之一：EDTA、NTA或DTPA。铅在鱼内脏和鳃中的积累与剂量相关，内脏和鳃中铅含量最高分别为86,000毫克/千克干重和4,560毫克/千克干重。螯合剂在所有剂量水平上均减少了铅的吸收。在暴露于20毫克/铅（不含螯合剂时上述含量）后，三种螯合剂在内脏中的浓度范围为399至690毫克/千克，鳃中的浓度为298至645毫克/千克。

... Carp (Cyprinus carpio) /were held/ for 48 hr in lead nitrate concn of between 0 and 20 mg lead/L, with and without one of the three complexans, EDTA, NTA, or DTPA. The accumulation of lead in both viscera and gills was dose-related, with the highest levels for viscera and gills being 86,000 and 4,560 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. The complexans reduced the uptake of lead at all dose levels. Concn in viscera ranged from 399 to 690 mg/kg for the three complexans, and 298 to 645 mg/kg in gills, after exposure to 20 mg/Lead (which had given the above levels without chelating agents).

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

铅通过吸入、口服和皮肤接触被吸收，然后主要分布到骨骼和红细胞中。在血液中，铅可能被发现与血清白蛋白或金属结合蛋白金属lothionein结合。有机铅通过细胞色素P-450酶代谢，而无机铅与δ-氨基酮酸脱氢酶形成复合物。铅主要通过尿液和粪便排出。摄入一定量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐是人类氮循环的正常部分。在适当的条件下，硝酸盐可以在胃肠道内转化为亚硝酸盐，显著增加硝酸盐的毒性。硝酸盐的主要代谢途径是转化为亚硝酸盐，然后转化为氨。亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及其代谢物通过尿液排出。(L1137, L136)

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铅模仿其他生物学上重要的金属，如锌、钙和铁，竞争性地作为许多它们各自酶促反应的辅因子。例如，铅已被证明能竞争性地抑制钙与钙调蛋白的结合，干扰神经递质的释放。它对NMDA受体和蛋白激酶C表现出类似的竞争性抑制作用，这损害了大脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变了血脑屏障。铅还通过影响多巴胺合成的调节和阻止乙酰胆碱的诱发释放来影响神经系统。然而，铅的主要作用机制是通过抑制δ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸脱水酶，这是一种在血红素生物合成中至关重要的酶，而血红素是血红蛋白必需的辅因子。硝酸盐的毒性是由于它进入体内后转化为亚硝酸盐。亚硝酸盐导致氧合血红蛋白自动催化氧化成过氧化氢和高铁血红蛋白。这种高铁血红蛋白水平的升高被称为高铁血红蛋白血症，其特点是组织缺氧，因为高铁血红蛋白不能结合氧气。(A2450, L1613, T4, A20, A22, L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, T4, A20, A22, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

无法评估...硝酸铅的致癌性。

No evaluation could be made of the carcinogenicity of ... lead nitrate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

铅、铅化合物：合理预期为人类致癌物

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A3；已确认对动物有致癌性，但对人类的相关性未知。/铅，元素铅和铅的无机化合物，以Pb表示/美国政府工业卫生学家会议阈限值和生物暴露指数。

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

摄入硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐，在导致内源性亚硝化的条件下，对人类可能是致癌的（2A组）。

Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

研究了10天大、150天大和成年的Macaca fascicularis猴子对(210)Pb的保留和体内分布，每个年龄组包括四只动物......在禁食12小时后，通过灌胃给予含有10 u-Ci (210)Pb/ug Pb的硝酸铅，剂量为10微克铅/千克体重。监测尿液和粪便中排出的(210)Pb，持续96小时。所有猴子在给药后96小时进行尸检，并测定各种组织的(210)Pb含量。数据显示，幼猴比成猴保留更多的铅。给药后96小时，不同年龄组之间的血液(210)Pb水平没有显著差异，血液中的(210)Pb有98-99%在细胞内，1-2%在血浆中。在细胞内，(210)Pb有5-8%与细胞膜结合。血液成分之间的分布随着年龄的增长没有显著变化。不同年龄组之间通过尿液排出的铅剂量百分比没有显著差异。幼年动物骨骼结构中的铅含量和组织-血液铅比例显著高于成年动物。婴儿的大脑：血液铅比例显著高于年长组。

The retention and tissue distribution of (210)Pb were studied on 10-day-old, 150-day-old, and adult Macaca fascicularis monkeys, each age-group comprising four animals ... Lead nitrate, 10 ug lead/kg bw, containing 10 u-Ci (210)Pb/ug Pb was administered by gavage after a 12-hr fast. The (210)Pb excreted in urine and feces was monitored for 96 hr. All monkeys were necropsied 96 hr after dosing, and the (210)Pb contents of various tissues was determined. The data demonstrate that infant monkeys retain significantly more lead than adults. Blood (210)Pb levels 96 hr after dosing did not vary significantly between age groups, and of the (210)Pb contained in blood, 98-99% was found in the cells, and 1-2% in the plasma. In the cells, 5-8% of the (210)Pb was bound to the cell membranes. The distribution between blood components did not vary significantly with age. The percentage of the lead dose excreted in urine did not vary significantly between age groups. Both the tissue Pb concn and tissue-blood Pb ratios were significantly higher in the bone structures of the young animals than in the adults. The brain:blood Pb ratio in the infants was significantly higher than in the older groups.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在禁食条件下，硝酸铅、硫化铅和铅胱氨酸的吸收率在16%到53%之间。

... Under fasting conditions absorption of lead nitrate, lead sulfide, and lead cysteine ranged from 16 to 53%.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

很大一部分口服的铅硝酸盐（203）Pb吸收不良，因此在哺乳期奶牛中相当快地被排出体外。在6天内，95%...通过粪便排出，0.2%...通过尿液排出，还有0.02%通过乳汁排出。未吸收的（203）Pb的生物半衰期为18小时，而吸收的（203）Pb的生物半衰期为72小时。

Much of an oral dose of (203)Pb lead nitrate was poorly absorbed and thus ... excreted fairly rapidly from the lactating cow. In 6 days, 95% ... excreted in ... feces, 0.2% in ... urine, and 0.02% in the milk. The biological half lives were 18 hr for the unabsorbed and 72 hr for ... absorbed (203)Pb.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

铅对骨骼有特别的亲和力，在大鼠接受硝酸铅处理后4天，其骨骼中的铅含量比软组织高出七倍。

Lead had a particular affinity for bone which, in rats 4 days after lead nitrate treatment, contained sevenfold more lead than the soft tissue.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  Dinitrooxylead 生成 二氧化铅
  参考文献：
  名称：

  UEDA, MINORU;WATANABE, AKIO;SHIMAMUNE, TAKAYUKI

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  硝酸 生成 Dinitrooxylead
  参考文献：
  名称：

  NYITRAI, ZOLTAN;FILIP, LIVIU;ILLES, STEFAN;PASOI, NICOLAE;MAZUR, STEFAN

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  Dinitrooxylead 、 四氮烯 、 Sodium styphnate 在 Dinitrooxylead 作用下， 以 水 、 resultant mixture 为溶剂， 生成 lead styphnate 、 sodium nitrate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Method of making priming composition

  摘要：

  一种生产引爆药组合物的方法，包括反应组分以产生一种主要的爆炸物和一种副产物，该副产物留在组合物中。

  公开号：

  US04405392A1

文献信息

• Oxidation of organic compounds having benzylic carbon atoms in water
  申请人：Allied-Signal Inc.

  公开号：US05171880A1

  公开（公告）日：1992-12-15

  The present invention is directed to a process of oxidizing organic compounds having benzylic carbon atoms. The process of this invention comprises reacting an organic compound having one or more benzylic carbon atoms with an effective amount of an effective oxidizing agent in water at a temperature equal to or greater than about 350.degree. C. and at a pressure equal to or greater than about 175 atmospheres, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a combination of one or more bases and one or more of elemental sulfur, an oxidized form of elemental sulfur and/or an organic or inorganic sulfur containing compounds capable of forming elemental sulfur, said oxidized forms or a combination thereof in situ under process conditions, and organic or inorganic compounds which form one or more bases and elemental sulfur, oxidized forms of sulfur or a combination thereof in situ under process conditions.

  本发明涉及一种氧化具有苯基碳原子的有机化合物的方法。本发明的方法包括将具有一个或多个苯基碳原子的有机化合物与有效氧化剂在水中反应，在温度等于或大于约350°C和压力等于或大于约175大气压下进行反应，其中所述氧化剂被选自以下组合：一种或多种碱和一种或多种元素硫、元素硫的氧化形式和/或有机或无机含硫化合物，其能够在过程条件下形成元素硫，所述氧化形式或其组合在原位形成，以及在过程条件下形成一种或多种碱和元素硫、硫的氧化形式或其组合的有机或无机化合物。
• Priming composition and techniques
  申请人：IMI Kynoch Limited

  公开号：US04412492A1

  公开（公告）日：1983-11-01

  A method of producing explosive for priming explosive devices by reacting components in situ in a device.

  一种通过在装置中原位反应组分以制备引爆装置的爆炸物的方法。
• Preparation of titanates
  申请人：Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US04061583A1

  公开（公告）日：1977-12-06

  A process for the preparation of a titanate which comprises adding an aqueous solution containing ions of titanium and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd and Pb to an aqueous alkaline solution containing hydrogen peroxide, recovering the resulting precipitate and heating the precipitate at a temperature not lower than 100.degree. C to give the titanate of the metal as used in uniformly fine particles. The resulting titanate can be used as ceramic materials for electronic elements.

  一种制备钛酸盐的方法，包括将含有钛离子和至少一种金属（选自Ba、Ca、Sr、Zn、Cd和Pb）离子的水溶液加入含有过氧化氢的水性碱性溶液中，回收所得的沉淀物并将其加热至不低于100℃的温度，以获得金属钛酸盐，其粒子均匀细小。所得的钛酸盐可用作电子元件的陶瓷材料。
• Indicator elements for autoclaves
  申请人：Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

  公开号：US05057433A1

  公开（公告）日：1991-10-15

  An indicator element which provides a visual indication when subjected to correct steam sterilization conditions in an autoclave, the element comprising a substrate having coated thereon an ink formulation comprising as the primary visual change component: (i) a sulfur-containing compound capable of decomposition to yield a metal sulfide under steam sterilization conditions, or (ii) the precursors of which a sulfur-containing compound which will yield said sulfur-containing compound under aqueous conditions.

  一种指示元素，当在高压灭菌器中暴露于正确的蒸汽灭菌条件下时，提供视觉指示，该元素包括一种基底，其上涂有一种油墨配方，其中主要视觉变化成分为：(i)一种含硫化合物，能够在蒸汽灭菌条件下分解产生金属硫化物，或(ii)是一种含硫化合物的前体，在水溶液条件下会产生上述含硫化合物。
• Ceramic oxide powder, method for producing the ceramic oxide powder, ceramic paste produced using the ceramic oxide powder, and method for producing the ceramic paste
  申请人：Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US06319421B1

  公开（公告）日：2001-11-20

  A method for producing ceramic oxide powder having a grain size of 5 &mgr;m or less and exhibiting a uniform grain size distribution is disclosed. The method includes the steps of sufficiently dissolving or uniformly dispersing a raw material of constituent ceramic elements in a solvent or dispersion medium, thereby preparing a solution or dispersed mixture containing the constituent ceramic elements, adding citric acid in the solution or dispersed mixture, in which the constituent ceramic elements are dissolved or dispersed, at least in an amount required to generate an oxidative-reductive combustion reaction with anions of the constituent ceramic elements, thereby preparing a mixed solution, and thermally treating the mixed solution at a temperature of 100 to 500° C., thereby evaporating the solvent or dispersed medium while causing the citric acid to act as a reductive combustion aid, thereby generating a non-explosive oxidative-reductive combustion reaction with the anions of the constituent ceramic elements, so that ceramic oxide is produced without any scattering by virtue of heat generated during the combustion reaction. Using the ceramic oxide powder, ceramic paste having a micro grain size and exhibiting a superior reaction property can be produced using a single combustion process at a low temperature.

  本发明公开了一种制备粒径为5μm或更小且具有均匀粒径分布的陶瓷氧化物粉末的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：将组成陶瓷元素的原材料充分溶解或均匀分散在溶剂或分散介质中，从而制备含有组成陶瓷元素的溶液或分散混合物，向其中含有组成陶瓷元素的溶液或分散混合物中添加柠檬酸，至少添加足够量的柠檬酸以与组成陶瓷元素的阴离子产生氧化还原燃烧反应，从而制备混合溶液，并在温度为100至500°C的条件下热处理混合溶液，从而蒸发溶剂或分散介质，同时使柠檬酸作为还原燃烧助剂，从而与组成陶瓷元素的阴离子产生非爆炸性氧化还原燃烧反应，因此在燃烧反应期间产生的热量不会导致任何散射，从而产生陶瓷氧化物。利用该陶瓷氧化物粉末，可以使用低温单一燃烧过程制备具有微米级粒径且表现出优异反应性能的陶瓷浆料。