Nitric acid, chromium salt | 10103-47-6

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 英文名称: Nitric acid, chromium salt
• 英文别名: chromium;nitric acid
• CAS: 10103-47-6
• 化学式: CrHNO3
• 分子量: 115.009
• InChiKey: FEOIEZBSUVRDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.35
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  66
• 氢给体数：
  1
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

铬从口腔、吸入或皮肤暴露中被吸收，并分布到几乎所有组织中，肾脏和肝脏中浓度最高。骨骼也是主要的储存地点，并可能导致长期保留。六价铬与硫酸盐和铬酸盐的相似性使其能够通过硫酸盐转运机制进入细胞。在细胞内，六价铬首先被还原为五价铬，然后通过许多物质，包括抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和烟酸腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原为三价铬。铬几乎全部随尿液排出。摄入一定量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐是人类氮循环的正常部分。在适当的条件下，硝酸盐可以在胃肠系统中转化为亚硝酸盐，显著增强硝酸盐的毒性。硝酸盐的主要代谢途径是转化为亚硝酸盐，然后转化为氨。亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及其代谢物随尿液排出。(L1137, A12, L16)

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, A12, L16)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

三价铬还可能形成与肽、蛋白质和DNA的复合物，导致DNA-蛋白质交联、DNA链断裂、DNA-DNA链间交联、铬-DNA加合物、染色体畸变以及细胞信号通路的变化。已经证明，它通过过度刺激细胞调节通路并激活某些丝裂原活化蛋白激酶来增加过氧化物的水平，从而诱导癌变。它还可以通过将组蛋白去乙酰化酶1-DNA甲基转移酶1复合物与CYP1A1启动子染色质交联，抑制组蛋白修饰，引起转录抑制。铬通过修饰金属调节转录因子1，导致抑制锌诱导的金属硫蛋白转录，从而增加自身的毒性。硝酸盐的毒性是由于其进入体内后转化为亚硝酸盐。亚硝酸盐导致氧合血红蛋白的自动催化氧化成过氧化氢和高铁血红蛋白。高铁血红蛋白水平的升高是一种称为高铁血红蛋白血症的条件，其特点是组织缺氧，因为高铁血红蛋白不能结合氧气。(A2450, L1613, A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

摄入的硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐在导致内源性亚硝化的条件下，可能对人类具有致癌性（2A组）。三价铬化合物对人类的致癌性无法分类（3组）。

Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Chromium (III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

三价铬并不具有很高的毒性。它可能被氧化成六价铬，这是一种已知的致癌物质。六价铬还被证明能够影响生殖和发育。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐中毒会导致高铁血红蛋白血症。亚硝酸盐可能会导致怀孕并发症和发育影响。它们也可能具有致癌性。

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic. It may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, A12)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L16）；吸入（L16）；皮肤给药（L16）

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

三价铬的毒性不高，但它可能被氧化成六价铬。吸入六价铬会对鼻粘膜造成刺激，引发鼻溃疡、流鼻涕和呼吸问题，如哮喘、咳嗽、气短或喘鸣。摄入六价铬会导致胃和小肠的刺激和溃疡，以及贫血。皮肤接触可能导致皮肤溃疡。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐中毒会引起高铁血红蛋白血症。症状包括发绀、心脏节律失常和循环衰竭，以及逐渐加重的中枢神经系统（CNS）影响。中枢神经系统的影响可能从轻微的眩晕和嗜睡到昏迷和抽搐不等。

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137, L16)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)