Metabolism occurs principally by oxidation, hydrolysis by esterases, and by transfer of portions of the molecule to glutathione. Oxidation of organophosphorus insecticides may result in more or less toxic products. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products, that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Hydrolytic and transferase reactions affect both thioates and their oxons. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/
It is well-known that active metabolites of most organophosphorus insecticides react covalently to some extent with tissue esterases other than AChE. Since few of these esterases appear vital to health, the binding reaction may be considered a detoxification process. Although the catalytic activity of these esterases is high, the actual quantity of such sites is comparatively small. Crude measurements using 32 P-labelled diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (an agent reacting with most organophosphorus-sensitive esterases) suggest that 100-150 g bind/kg bw of an adult hen injected with about the LD50 dose. Binding was principally in liver and muscle. The quantity bound would not be expected to be much greater whatever the LD50 of an administered organophosphorus insecticide. Thus, it is a significant proportion of the total dose only for a very toxic compound such as paraoxon but not for compounds with much higher LD50s. However, the number of binding sites may, in some cases, be very significant compared with the quantity of circulating anticholinesterase oxon that has avoided other metabolic disposal processes. Molecules of oxon bound to these non-vital sites are prevented from attacking the vital sites such as AChE or NTE. Binding sites can therefore be considered an important second line of defence against intoxication. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/
Because different classes of enzymes may be inhibited, the effects of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning may be complex and potentially at least could involve interactions with drugs as well as with other pesticides or chemicals. Potentiation may also involve solvents or other components of formulated pesticides. Certain drugs such a phenothiazines, antihistamines, CNS depressants, barbiturates, xanthines (theophylline), aminoglycosides and parasympathomimetic agents are to be avoided because of increased toxicity. /Organophosphorus pesticides/
Airway protection. Ensure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/
Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to...high... . The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. ...Do not administer atropine or pralidoxime prophylactically to workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Prophylactic dosage with either atropine or pralidoxime may mask early signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and thus allow the worker to continue exposure and possibly progress to more severe poisoning. Atropine itself may enhance the health hazards of the agricultural work setting: impaired heat loss due to reduced sweating and impaired ability to operate mechanical equipment due to blurred vision. This can be caused by mydriasis, one of the effects of atropine. /Organophosphate pesticides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在大鼠中，口服给药后，90%以代谢形式在6天内通过尿液排出，6%通过粪便排出。
In rats, following oral administration, 90% is excreted in the urine and 6% in the feces in metabolised form within 6 days.
Most organophosphorus pesticides are not ionized and are very lipophilic. Thus, inhaled or swallowed material will be easily taken up. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/
In rats, the /gastrointestinal/ uptake of most of the organophosphorus pesticides reviewed seems to be rapid and efficient under test conditions usually involving a dose well below the LD50. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/
[EN] BICYCLYL-SUBSTITUTED ISOTHIAZOLINE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ISOTHIAZOLINE SUBSTITUÉS PAR UN BICYCLYLE
申请人：BASF SE
公开号：WO2014206910A1
公开（公告）日：2014-12-31
The present invention relates to bicyclyl-substituted isothiazoline compounds of formula (I) wherein the variables are as defined in the claims and description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
The present invention relates to azoline compounds of formula (I) wherein A, B1, B2, B3, G1, G2, X1, R1, R3a, R3b, Rg1 and Rg2 are as defined in the claims and the description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
