水铝矿

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 中文名称: 水铝矿
• 中文别名: 水化氧化铝；氢氧化铝阻燃剂；氢氧化铝；氢氧化铝溶胶；干燥氢氧化铝凝胶；纳米氢氧化铝；三水铝石,三水铝矿；NC3302型催化剂用氢氧化铝；氢氧化铝凝胶；三水铝矿；三水铝石,水铝矿；氢氧化；氢氧化铝,76.5%MIN；铝的水化物
• 英文名称: aluminum hydroxide
• 英文别名: aluminium hydroxide gel；aluminum hydroxide gel；aluminium hydroxide；aluminum;trihydroxide
• 化学式: AlH₃O₃
• 分子量: 78.0036
• InChiKey: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.91
• 重原子数：
  4
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  3
• 氢给体数：
  3
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

未代谢。

Not metabolized.

来源:DrugBank

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和不可溶性化合物/

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insouble compound/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

该物质可以通过吸入被身体吸收。

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

毒理性

• 相互作用

在一项研究中，当双香豆素与氢氧化镁一起给药时，其峰值血药浓度比与水一起给药时出现得更早且更高。氢氧化铝似乎不会影响双香豆素的血药水平。华法林的血药水平似乎也不会受到氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁或这两种抗酸药混合物的影响。

In one study, peak plasma levels of dicumarol were earlier and higher when the dicumarol was given with magnesium hydroxide than when it was given with water. Aluminum hydroxide does not appear to affect dicumarol blood levels. Warfarin plasma levels do not appear to be affected by aluminum hydroxide, magnesiuim hydroxide, or a mixture of the two antacids.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

铝（Al）慢性暴露和部分肝切除对铁（Fe）稳态的影响进行了研究。雄性Wistar大鼠通过腹腔注射27毫克/千克体重的铝（以氢氧化铝形式）或载体盐水，每周三次，持续3个月。在此时间之后，每组的一半大鼠进行假手术（SH），另一半进行部分肝切除（PH）。四组实验动物（载体+SH [SH]；Al+SH；载体+PH [PH]，以及Al+PH）在手术程序后48小时被处死。发现Al+SH和Al+PH的大鼠血清、肝脏和肠道的铝水平均有所增加。Al+PH组大鼠的血清铁浓度和转铁蛋白饱和度百分比显著降低，从而显示出铝给药与部分肝切除的交互作用。在肠道环原位研究的（59）Fe黏膜-浆膜转运不受铝或部分肝切除的影响。当血清铁浓度降低时，铝暴露和/或部分肝切除导致的肠铁吸收失调可能是观察到的脂质过氧化（硫代巴比妥酸反应物质[TBARS]）增加的结果。黏膜TBARS由铝暴露增加（+26%）和部分肝切除（+37%）增加，观察到铝和部分肝切除之间的交互作用（+44%）。这些结果表明，当长时间铝暴露后进行肝脏手术时，会导致铁稳态受损。/该研究/强调了对铝这种潜在有毒元素暴露的研究在必须进行重大肝脏切除的患者风险评估中的重要性。

Effects of both chronic aluminum (Al) exposure and partial hepatectomy on iron (Fe) homeostasis were studied. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally administered either 27 mg Al/kg body weight (as aluminum hydroxide) or the vehicle saline, three times a week for 3 months. After this time, half of the rats of each group was sham operated (SH) and the other half was partially hepatectomized (PH). Animals of the four experimental groups (vehicle+SH [SH]; Al+SH; vehicle+PH [PH], and Al+PH) were killed 48 hr after the surgical procedure. Serum, hepatic, and intestinal Al levels were found to be increased both for Al+SH and Al+PH. The serum Fe concentration and transferrin saturation percentage were significantly diminished in the rats of the Al+PH group, thus showing interaction between Al administration and PH. The (59)Fe mucosal-to-serosal transport, studied in the intestinal loop in situ, was not affected by Al or PH. The malregulation of intestinal Fe absorption in Al exposure and/or PH when the serum Fe concentration was diminished could be the result of the increased lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]) observed in this tissue. Mucosal TBARS were increased by Al exposure (+26%) and PH (+37%) and interaction between Al and PH was observed (+44%). These results show that when liver surgery is performed after prolonged Al exposure, it leads to impairment of Fe homeostasis. /The study/ underline the importance of the exposure to Al, a potentially toxic element, in the study of risk assessment in patients who must be submitted to major liver resection.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

作者们已经证明，铝（Al）诱导的胆汁淤积与参与胆汁分泌功能的肝细胞转运蛋白的多种改变有关，例如Mrp2。这项工作的目的是调查这些有害效果是否由金属引起的氧化应激介导。为此，研究了抗氧化剂维生素E对抗这些改变的能力，使用雄性Wistar大鼠作为实验对象。氢氧化铝（对照组使用生理盐水）通过腹腔注射给药（27毫克/千克体重，每周三次，持续90天）。维生素E（600毫克/千克体重）同时通过皮下给药。铝增加了脂质过氧化（增加50%）并降低了肝谷胱甘肽水平（降低43%）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性（降低50%）和过氧化氢酶活性（降低88%）。维生素E完全或部分地对抗了这些效果。维生素E显著降低了治疗结束时血浆和肝铝水平（分别降低40%和44%；p<0.05）。铝使肝细胞凋亡指数增加了4倍，而维生素E完全抵消了这一效应。在铝处理的大鼠中，胆汁流量减少了（降低37%），而维生素E使其恢复到正常水平。抗氧化剂使肝对Mrp2底物玫瑰红和二硝基苯-S-谷胱甘肽的处理正常化，这与Mrp2表达的恢复有因果关系。这些数据表明，氧化应激在胆汁淤积、肝细胞凋亡/坏死损伤以及铝诱导的肝脏转运功能损害中起着关键作用，而维生素E通过不仅预防自由基形成而且促进铝的排出，来对抗这些有害效果。

/The authors/ have shown that aluminum (Al) induces cholestasis associated with multiple alterations in hepatocellular transporters involved in bile secretory function, like Mrp2. This work aims to investigate whether these harmful effects are mediated by the oxidative stress caused by the metal. For this purpose, the capability of the antioxidant agent, vitamin E, to counteract these alterations was studied in male Wistar rats. Aluminum hydroxide (or saline in controls) was administered ip (27 mg/kg body weight, three times a week, for 90 d). Vitamin E (600 mg/kg body weight) was coadministered, sc. Al increased lipid peroxidation (+50%) and decreased hepatic glutation levels (-43%) and the activity of glutation peroxidase (-50%) and catalase (-88%). Vitamin E counteracted these effects total or partially. Both plasma and hepatic Al levels reached at the end of the treatment were significantly reduced by vitamin E (-40% and -44%, respectively; p<0.05). Al increased 4 times the hepatic apoptotic index, and this effect was fully counteracted by vitamin E. Bile flow was decreased in Al treated rats (-37%) and restored to normality by vitamin E. The antioxidant normalized the hepatic handling of the Mrp2 substrates, rose bengal, and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, which was causally associated with restoration of Mrp2 expression. /These/ data indicate that oxidative stress has a crucial role in cholestasis, apoptotic/necrotic hepatocellular damage, and the impairment in liver transport function induced by Al and that vitamin E counteracts these harmful effects not only by preventing free-radical formation but also by favoring Al disposal.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

大约17-30%形成的氯化铝被吸收。

Approximately 17-30% of the aluminum chloride formed is absorbed.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

正常肾功能的患者，吸收的氯化铝会迅速被肾脏排出。

Absorbed aluminum chloride is rapidly eliminated by the kidneys in patients with normal renal function.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

铝血浆水平升高以及大脑、肝脏、心脏和肌肉中过量的铝沉积在铝氢氧化物过载后也被记录下来...

Increased aluminium plasma levels and excessive aluminium deposition in the brain, liver, heart and muscle have also been documented following aluminium hydroxide overload...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

... 注入的铝化合物，如氢氧化铝，从注射部位和腹膜腔的吸收和移除过程是缓慢的，但在剂量保持在生理范围内并且不与任何刺激物如氯化物和硝酸盐的阴离子混合的情况下，几天内可以完全移除。

... Absorption and removal of injected aluminum compounds such as aluminum hydroxide from im sites and from peritoneal cavity is slow but it is complete in a few days, provided the doses are within physiologic limits and... not mixed with any irritants such as anions of chloride and nitrate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

当给大鼠腹腔注射氢氧化铝时，肝脏中的铝浓度最高。肌肉、大脑、骨骼和心脏中的铝含量也较高。

When aluminum hydroxide is injected ip in rats, highest aluminum concentration... in liver. Muscle, brain, bone, and heart also have high aluminum levels.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  水铝矿 生成 蓝宝石粉
  参考文献：
  名称：

  YANO, TOYOHIKO;OGAWA, MINORU;SAITO, KATSUICHI;HAYASHI, SHIGEO;OTSUKA, NOZ+, NIPPON SEHRPMIKKUSU KEKAJ GAKADZYUTSU ROMBUNSYU, 96,(1988) N, S. 59-66

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  三氯化铝 生成 水铝矿
  参考文献：
  名称：

  SHARMA, K. P.;BANDOPADHYAY, A. K., FUEL, 68,(1989) N, C. 940-942

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  4-氯丙酸 、 乙二胺 在 水铝矿 、 盐酸 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 4,4'-ethanediyldiamino-di-butyric acid
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Bifunctional bisphosphonate derivatives and platinum complexes with high affinity for bone hydroxyapatite

  摘要：

  A series of ethylenediamine/1,3-propanediamine derivatives containing bifunctional bisphosphonate substituents and their corresponding dichloroplatinum(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, P-31 NMR, and HRMS spectra. Based on WST-8 assay with CCK-8, in general, the newly synthesized dichloroplatinum complexes 1-6 showed higher in vitro antitumor activity than platinum-free compounds L1-L6 against three tumor cell lines (especially osteosarcoma MG-63). According to hydroxyapatite binding experiment, complexes 2, 3, and 6 showed much higher affinity (K' = 3.7, 4.0, and 3.0, respectively) for bone hydroxyapatite than cisplatin (K' < 0.1), comparable to zoledronate (K' = 2.8). It can be found that representative complex 2 with high cytotoxicity and in vitro antiproliferative activity against osteosarcoma cell line, as well as promising hydroxyapatite binding ability has been screened as a potential bone-targeting antitumor agent for subsequent in vivo study. In addition, flow cytometry experiment was applied to investigate the mode of action of representative complex 2. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  DOI：

  10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.050

文献信息

• Ionothermal Synthesis of Open-Framework Metal Phosphates Using a Multifunctional Ionic Liquid
  作者：Kangcai Wang、Ting Li、Hongmei Zeng、Guohong Zou、Qinghua Zhang、Zhien Lin

  DOI：10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01509

  日期：2018.8.6

  Two crystalline metal phosphates (metal = Be and Al) were prepared under ionothermal conditions using a multifunctional ionic liquid as a solvent, a structure-directing agent, and a phosphorus source. The beryllium phosphate has a three-dimensional structure with intersecting 24-membered ring (24 MR) channels. The aluminum phosphate has a two-dimensional structure containing 8 MR windows. It displays

  在离子热条件下，使用多功能离子液体作为溶剂，结构导向剂和磷源，制备了两种结晶金属磷酸盐（金属= Be和Al）。磷酸铍具有三维结构，具有相交的24元环（24 MR）通道。磷酸铝具有包含8个MR窗口的二维结构。它表现出出色的水热稳定性，在高湿度条件下，在25°C下表现出的高质子传导率约为10 –3 S cm –1。
• Cation-directed syntheses of novel zeolite-like metalloaluminophosphates STA-6 and STA-7 in the presence of azamacrocycle templates
  作者：Paul A. Wright、Martin J. Maple、Alexandra M. Z. Slawin、Véronique Patinec、R. Alan Aitken、Simon Welsh、Paul A. Cox

  DOI：10.1039/a909249h

  日期：——

  Hydrothermal syntheses of divalent metal cation-containing aluminophosphates, or MAPOs (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co or Zn), have been performed using the azamacrocycle 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane as a structure directing agent. Whereas STA-6 (St. Andrews-6), a small pore zeotype with a one-dimensional channel system, is prepared when magnesium, manganese or iron is included in the synthesis gel, a new solid, STA-7, is prepared in the presence of cobalt or zinc. The structure of STA-7 has been solved and found to possess a tetrahedrally connected framework with a fully three-dimensional interconnected small pore channel system. The organic template molecules included during synthesis can completely be removed without loss of framework integrity from the cobalt form. Syntheses using the hexaazamacrocycle 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexamethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane have also been successful in preparing STA-7 in the presence of divalent metal cations. Both STA-6 and STA-7 structure types can be considered to be built up of cages and chemical analysis and computer simulation suggest strongly that the macrocycles act to template these cages.

  利用偶氮环 1,4,8,11-四甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷作为结构引导剂，对含二价金属阳离子的铝磷酸盐或 MAPOs（M = 镁、锰、铁、钴或锌）进行了水热合成。如果在合成凝胶中加入镁、锰或铁，就能制备出具有一维通道系统的小孔沸石 STA-6（圣安德鲁斯-6），而如果加入钴或锌，就能制备出新的固体 STA-7。人们已经解决了 STA-7 的结构问题，发现它具有一个四面体连接框架，其中有一个完全三维的相互连接的小孔通道系统。合成过程中加入的有机模板分子可以完全去除，而不会失去钴形式框架的完整性。使用六氮杂环 1,4,7,10,13,16-六甲基-1,4,7,10,13,16-六氮杂环十八烷进行合成，也成功地在二价金属阳离子存在下制备出了 STA-7。STA-6 和 STA-7 两种结构类型都可以被认为是由笼状结构组成的，化学分析和计算机模拟强烈表明，大环起到了模板这些笼状结构的作用。
• Crystalline aluminum organophosphate
  申请人：Director-General of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology

  公开号：US05595952A1

  公开（公告）日：1997-01-21

  There is disclosed a crystalline aluminum organophosphate stable against heating, composed of a skeleton structure having micropores therein and represented by the following formula (I) in chemical composition: formula (I) [(Al.sub.2 O.sub.3).multidot.(RPO.sub.2).sub.x ] wherein R represents an alkyl group, and x is such a number that 2.0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.3.6. The crystalline aluminum organophosphate is a microporous material having an inner wall of pores that is hydrophobic and has a flexibility, and it may be used as a separative adsorbent, a catalyst, a packing material for chromatography, and the like.

  本发明揭示了一种晶体铝有机磷酸盐，其对加热稳定，由具有微孔的骨架结构组成，化学式表示为以下公式（I）：公式（I）[(Al.sub.2 O.sub.3).multidot.(RPO.sub.2).sub.x]，其中R代表烷基，x为2.0≤x≤3.6的数字。该晶体铝有机磷酸盐是一种具有疏水性和柔韧性的微孔材料，可用作分离吸附剂、催化剂、色谱填料等。
• Process for producing pyridine bases
  申请人：Koei Chemical Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US03946020A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-03-23

  Pyridine bases are produced in higher yield from at least one of aliphatic carbonyl compounds and ammonia by reaction at 350.degree. to 550.degree.C under the atmospheric pressure at a space velocity of 100 to 10,000 hr.sup.-.sup.1 in the presence of a catalyst prepared by immersing silica-alumina or a silica-alumina mixture containing a promoter in an aqueous solution of ammonium halide such as ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide or ammonium bromide at a concentration of not more than 20% by weight at room temperature to 80.degree.C, washing the immersed silica-alumina or the mixture with water, and drying and calcining the same at 300.degree.C or higher. Regeneration of the catalyst after the reaction can be carried out for a much shortened time.

  在大气压下，以100到10,000 hr.sup.-.sup.1的空间速度，在350℃至550℃的条件下，利用浸渍有氯化铵、碘化铵或溴化铵等铵盐的水溶液制备的催化剂，催化至少一种脂肪族羰基化合物和氨反应，可产生更高产量的吡啶碱。浸渍的硅铝或含有助剂的硅铝混合物在室温至80℃时，铵盐的浓度不超过20%。将浸渍的硅铝或混合物用水洗涤，然后在300℃或更高温度下干燥和焙烧。反应后可以进行催化剂再生，时间大大缩短。
• Substituted triarylphosphonium derivatives
  申请人：Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.

  公开号：US04656310A1

  公开（公告）日：1987-04-07

  Novel 9-phenyl 5,6-dimethyl-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid,- tetraenal or tetraenol derivatives useful as anti-tumor agents.

  这句话的中文翻译为：新型的9-苯基5,6-二甲基-2,4,6,8-癸四烯酸，四烯醛或四烯醇衍生物可用作抗肿瘤剂。

表征谱图