硫酸铝盐

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 中文名称: 硫酸铝盐
• 英文名称: 2,4,6,8,9,11-Hexaoxa-3lambda6,7lambda6,10lambda6-trithia-1,5-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane 3,3,7,7,10,10-hexaoxide
• 英文别名: 2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaoxa-3λ6,7λ6,10λ6-trithia-1,5-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane 3,3,7,7,10,10-hexaoxide
• 化学式: Al₂O₁₂S₃
• 分子量: 342.2
• InChiKey: DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.78
• 重原子数：
  17
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  266
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  12

ADMET

代谢

铝通过口服或吸入暴露的吸收情况很差，基本上不通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用度受到铝化合物的影响，以及饮食成分的存在，这些成分可以与铝形成络合物，增强或抑制其吸收。铝在血液中与各种配体结合，并分布到每个器官，其中在骨骼和肺组织中的浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同形式：作为自由离子，作为低分子量络合物，作为物理结合的大分子络合物，以及作为共价结合的大分子络合物。吸收的铝主要通过尿液排出，其次是在胆汁中，而未吸收的铝则通过粪便排出。(L739)

Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并影响胃肠道对磷的吸收。体内磷负荷的减少会导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨质疏松）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是其中一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元的谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学性质和随后的竞争性相互作用而干扰必需微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。有研究表明，铝与雌激素受体的相互作用增加了雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进了乳腺癌的进展（A235），但研究尚未能够建立铝与乳腺癌风险增加之间的明确联系（A15468）。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739, A235, A236）

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和难溶化合物/

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

未列于国际癌症研究机构(IARC)名录。国际癌症研究机构将铝生产归类为对人类致癌(第1组)，但并未指认铝本身是人类致癌物。(L135)有人提出铝制止汗剂的使用与乳腺癌风险增加之间存在关联(A235)，但研究并未能确立明确的联系(A15468)。

Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铝针对神经系统，导致神经系统性能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。体内铝的积累可能导致骨骼或脑部疾病。高水平的铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L739）；吸入（L739）

Oral (L739) ; inhalation (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

铝的吸收程度取决于多个因素，如摄入的铝盐种类、pH值（影响铝的形态和溶解度）、生物利用度以及饮食条件。在进行组织剂量测定和对硫酸铝的反应评估时，应考虑这些事实。可以得出结论，由于上述特定的毒代动力学/毒效学因素可能会影响结果，目前使用现有的动物研究来制定指导值是不恰当的。

The degree of aluminum absorption depends on a number of factors, such as the aluminum salt ingested, pH (for aluminum speciation and solubility), bioavailability, as well as dietary conditions. These facts should be taken into consideration during tissue dosimetry and response assessment to aluminum sulfate. It can be concluded that the use of currently available animal studies to develop a guideline value is inappropriate at this time due to the above specific toxicokinetic/dynamic factors that may affect results.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

铝主要通过肾脏排出，因此在肾功能衰竭的患者中可能会积累。大约2%通过胆汁排出。

Aluminum is excreted predominantly via the kidneys and therefore may accumulate in patients with renal failure. About 2% is excreted in bile.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

被吸收的铝主要位于心脏、脾脏和骨骼中。

Aluminium which is absorbed is located primarily in the heart, spleen, and bone.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

在哺乳动物中，由于消化系统中pH变化和饮食中磷酸盐的存在，摄入的铝盐转化为不溶性的磷酸铝（AlPO4），因此胃肠道对摄入铝的吸收很差。在较高剂量下，比如以硫酸铝形式给予大鼠200毫克铝/千克体重，肠道的吸收率约为10%……。

In mammals GI absorption of ingested aluminum is poor due to transformation of aluminum salts into insoluble aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) in digestive tract, brought about by pH changes and presence of phosphate in diet. At higher doses, such as 200 mg aluminum/kg as aluminum sulfate, intestinal absorption is about 10% in rats ... .

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

当以硫酸铝的形式给予大鼠两倍正常铝浓度时，大鼠尿液中铝的排泄量或器官中铝的沉积量并未增加。当浓度增加到大约正常值的15倍时，尿液中铝的排泄量和器官中铝的沉积量都有所增加。

... No increases in urinary excretion of aluminum or in aluminum deposition in organs of rats when twice normal aluminum concentration was given as ... sulfate in food. When concentration was increased to about 15 times normal, both urinary excretion and organ deposition were enhanced.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  硫酸铝盐 生成 三氧化硫
  参考文献：
  名称：

  SAMED-ZADE, K. M.;VALIEV, B. S.;ALIZADE, Z. I., AZERB. XIM. ZH.,(1988) N, S. 105-109

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  Sodium sulfate-III 生成 硫酸铝盐
  参考文献：
  名称：

  GRADECKA, LUCJA;STASIAK, JAN;ZIMNICKI, JAN;ZAREMBA, ZDZISLAW

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  三氯化铝 、 硫酸 在 硫酸铝盐 作用下， 以leaving a saturated solution of aluminium sulphate (78 g) as a mother liquor的产率得到硫酸铝盐
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Purification process

  摘要：

  本发明涉及一种从含有杂质的原料的第一种水溶性铝盐溶液中纯化铝盐的方法，其中该杂质包括至少一种比铝更贵的金属的盐溶解物，并包括一种从其水溶性金属盐中纯化无机杂质的方法。同时还揭示了一种用于实施该方法的工厂。

  公开号：

  US06893474B2

文献信息

• Solid catalyst components for olefin polemerization and use thereof
  申请人：Nippon Oil Company, Limited

  公开号：US05604170A1

  公开（公告）日：1997-02-18

  An effective catalyst carrier for use in the polymerization of olefins is provided. Said carrier comprises particles of silicon oxide or aluminum oxide satisfying the following characteristics (A) to (E): (A) An average particle diameter as measured by the sieving method is in the range of 20 to 150 .mu.m. (B) A specific surface area as measured by the BET method is in the range of 150 to 600 m.sup.2 /g. (C) The volume of pores ranging in pore radius from 18 to 1,000 Angstroms as measured by the mercury penetration method is in the range of 0.3 to 2.0 cm.sup.3 /g. (D) An apparent specific gravity as measured according to JIS K6220-6.8 is not lower than 0.32. (E) After the particles classified in the range of between 53 .mu.m and 75 .mu.m by the sieving method have been subjected to an ultrasonic disintegration treatment at 40 KHz, 35 W, for 20 minutes, the proportion of 50 .mu.m or smaller particles, i.e., degree of ultrasonic disintegration, is not more than 30%.

  提供了一种用于聚烯烃聚合的有效催化剂载体。该载体包括满足以下特征（A）到（E）的二氧化硅或氧化铝颗粒：（A）通过筛分法测量的平均粒径在20至150微米范围内。（B）通过BET法测量的比表面积在150至600平方米/克范围内。（C）通过汞渗透法测量的孔径范围在18至1,000埃之间的孔体积在0.3至2.0厘米3/克范围内。（D）根据JIS K6220-6.8测量的表观比重不低于0.32。（E）经过筛分法分类为53微米至75微米范围内的颗粒经过40千赫兹，35瓦特，20分钟的超声波分散处理后，50微米或更小颗粒的比例，即超声波分散程度，不超过30％。
• Method of preparing a controlled pore volume alumina with citric acid
  申请人：Nalco Chemical Company

  公开号：US04179411A1

  公开（公告）日：1979-12-18

  A method for preparing an alumina having controlled pore volume distribution is disclosed. The method requires the presence of 0.1-15% by weight of a water soluble aliphatic polycarboxylic acid having from 2-12 carbon atoms based on the dry weight of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, during alumina precipitation. The resultant calcined alumina has a pore volume distribution such that: A. Nitrogen desorption measurements indicate that less than 10% of the total pores as determined by said method fall between 100-1200A in diameter; B. Nitrogen adsorption measurements indicate that between 10-50% of the total pore volume as determined fall between 100-1200A in diameter; and C. Mercury penetration porisimetry indicates that less than 10% of the total pores as determined by both nitrogen desorption and mercury methods fall between 100-50,000A in diameter.

  本发明公开了一种制备具有控制孔体积分布的氧化铝的方法。该方法要求在氧化铝沉淀过程中，存在0.1-15%重量的水溶性脂肪族多羧酸，其碳原子数为2-12，基于Al.sub.2 O.sub.3的干重。所得的煅烧氧化铝具有孔体积分布，如下所示：A. 氮脱附测量表明，根据该方法确定的总孔隙中，直径在100-1200A之间的孔隙不到10％；B. 氮吸附测量表明，根据该方法确定的总孔体积中，直径在100-1200A之间的孔隙占10-50％；C. 汞渗透孔隙度测定表明，根据氮脱附和汞方法确定的总孔隙中，直径在100-50,000A之间的孔隙不到10％。
• Process for reclaiming aluminum from waste paper and packaging products
  申请人：——

  公开号：US05456739A1

  公开（公告）日：1995-10-10

  Aluminum is recovered from organic waste paper and packaging material containing aluminum foil by heating the waste material in a kiln or other such device to decompose the organic constituents in the waste material, preferably by pyrolysis, producing hot gaseous by-products with a carbonaceous ash residue containing aluminum. The ash residue is contacted with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid under conditions which cause the aluminum to react with the sulfuric acid to produce aluminum sulfate. Preferably, the ash/acid contacting is carried out with a relatively dilute sulfuric acid solution and at an elevated temperature in the range of from about 80.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. to produce Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3.18H.sub.2 O as the reaction product.

  铝可以从含有铝箔的有机废纸和包装材料中回收，方法是通过在窑炉或其他类似装置中加热废料，分解废料中的有机成分，最好采用热解法，产生带有含铝碳烬残留物的热气体副产物。然后将烬渣残留物与硫酸水溶液接触，使铝与硫酸反应，生成硫酸铝。最好采用相对稀释的硫酸溶液，在温度范围从约80°C到约100°C的升高温度下进行灰渣/酸接触，以产生Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.18H.sub.2 O作为反应产物。
• Catalysts for purifying exhaust and waste gases
  申请人：Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US04018706A1

  公开（公告）日：1977-04-19

  A catalyst for purifying exhaust and waste gases comprising A. a support substrate comprising 2 to 100% by weight of an oxide complex of titanium and phosphorus containing titanium and phosphrus in such a proportion that the molar ratio of TiO.sub.2 to P.sub.2 O.sub.5 is from 5.0 to 0.5 and 98 to 0% by weight of aluminum oxide, and B. supported on said substrate as a catalytic substance, 2 to 300 parts by weight, calculated as metal oxide per 100 parts by weight of the support substrate (A), of at least one heavy metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Co, Mn, Bi, V, W, Mo, Sn, Zn, Zr, Pb, Sb, Ti, Ta, Cd and Nb, or 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight, calculated as metal per 100 parts by weight of the support substrate (A), of at least one noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os and Ru.

  用于净化废气和废气的催化剂，包括A. 支撑基底，其中含有钛和磷的氧化物复合物，其含量为重量的2至100％，钛和磷的摩尔比为TiO.sub.2：P.sub.2 O.sub.5从5.0至0.5，同时含有重量为0至98％的氧化铝；B. 作为催化物质载于所述基底上，重量为100份的支撑基底（A）中计算的金属氧化物2至300份，选自Ni、Cu、Cr、Fe、Co、Mn、Bi、V、W、Mo、Sn、Zn、Zr、Pb、Sb、Ti、Ta、Cd和Nb的至少一种重金属，或重量为100份的支撑基底（A）中计算的金属的0.01至1.0份，选自Pt、Pd、Rh、Ir、Os和Ru的至少一种贵金属。
• Shale-stabilizing drilling fluids and method for producing same
  申请人：Sun Drilling Products Corporation

  公开号：US04719021A1

  公开（公告）日：1988-01-12

  Shale-stabilizing drilling fluids for use in connection with subterranean well drilling operations. The drilling fluids contain polyvalent metal/guanidine complexes, especially aluminum/guanidine complexes, and preferably contain guanidinium ion and aluminate ion accompanied by (a) cationic starches and (b) a glycol selected from the group consisting of polybutylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

  页岩稳定钻井液用于与地下井钻探作业有关。 钻井液包含多价金属/胍配合物，特别是铝/胍配合物，并且最好包含胍阳离子和铝酸盐离子，伴随着（a）阳离子淀粉和（b）从聚丁二醇，聚乙二醇，聚丙烯醇和其混合物组成的一种环氧乙烷。

表征谱图