Carboxazole is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).
As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)
Molecules having pesticidal utility, and intermediates, compositions, and processes, related thereto
申请人：Dow AgroSciences LLC
公开号：US20180279612A1
公开（公告）日：2018-10-04
This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”).
[EN] MOLECULES HAVING PESTICIDAL UTILITY, AND INTERMEDIATES, COMPOSITIONS, AND PROCESSES, RELATED THERETO<br/>[FR] MOLÉCULES PRÉSENTANT UNE UTILITÉ EN TANT QUE PESTICIDE, ET LEURS INTERMÉDIAIRES, COMPOSITIONS ET PROCÉDÉS
申请人：DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC
公开号：WO2017040194A1
公开（公告）日：2017-03-09
This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions aga inst such pests. These pesticidal compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula ("Formula One").
MOLECULES HAVING PESTICIDAL UTILITY, AND INTERMEDIATES, COMPOSITIONS, AND PROCESSES, RELATED THERETO
申请人：Dow AgroSciences LLC
公开号：US20170210723A1
公开（公告）日：2017-07-27
This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such molecules and compositions against such pests. These molecules and compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”).
HYDRAZONYL GROUP-CONTAINING CONDENSED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND OR SALT THEREOF, AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL INSECTICIDE COMPRISING THE COMPOUND, AND METHOD FOR USING THE INSECTICIDE
申请人：Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd.
公开号：US20190177319A1
公开（公告）日：2019-06-13
An object of the present invention is to develop and provide a novel agricultural and horticultural insecticide in view of the still immense damage caused by insect pests etc. and the emergence of insect pests resistant to existing insecticides in crop production in the fields of agriculture, horticulture and the like.
Provided is a hydrazonyl group-containing condensed heterocyclic compound or a salt thereof, preferably a condensed heterocyclic compound represented by the general formula (1):
wherein R
1
represents, for example, an alkyl group, R
2
represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, R
3
and R
4
each represent, for example, an alkyl group, a haloalkyl group or an acyl group, A
1
represents, for example, a nitrogen atom, A
2
represents, for example, N-Me or an oxygen atom, A
3
represents, for example, a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, A
4
represents, for example, C—H, m represents, for example, 2, and n represents, for example, 1}, or a salt thereof; an agricultural and horticultural insecticide comprising the compound or a salt thereof as an active ingredient; and a method for using the insecticide.
[EN] PESTICIDAL COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESSES RELATED THERETO<br/>[FR] COMPOSITIONS PESTICIDES ET PROCÉDÉS RELATIFS À CES COMPOSITIONS
申请人：DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC
公开号：WO2013009791A1
公开（公告）日：2013-01-17
This document discloses molecules having the following formula ("Formula One") The molecules disclosed in this document are related to the field of processes to produce molecules that are useful as pesticides (e.g., acaricides, insecticides, molluscicides, and nematicides), such molecules, and processes of using such molecules to control pests.
