Mercuric oxide, [solid] appears as red or orange-red odorless, dense crystalline powder or scales, yellow when finely powdered. Used as a chemical intermediate for mercury salts, organic mercury compounds, and chlorine monoxide; antiseptic in pharmaceuticals; component of dry cell batteries; pigment and glass modifier; fungicide; preservative in cosmetics; analytical reagent; formerly used in antifouling paints. (EPA, 1998)
颜色/状态:
Yellow mercuric oxide: yellow or orange-yellow, heavy, powder, orthorhombic structure
Mercury is absorbed mainly via ingestion and inhalation, then distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, where a portion binds to sulfhydryl groups on haemoglobin. Mercury can undergo oxidation to mercuric mercury, which takes place via the catalase-hydrogen peroxide pathway. The mercury atom is able to diffuse down the cleft in the catalase enzyme to reach the active site where the heme ring is located. Oxidation most likely occurs in all tissue, as the catalase hydrogen peroxide pathway is ubiquitous. Following oxidation, mercury tends to accumulate in the kidneys. Mercury is excreted mainly by exhalation and in the faeces. (A6, L7)
High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. (L7, A8, A25, A26)
Mercury mainly affects the nervous system. Exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Acrodynia, a type of mercury poisoning in children, is characterized by pain and pink discoloration of the hands and feet. Mercury poisoning can also cause Hunter-Russell syndrome and Minamata disease. (L7)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶、通过皮肤接触以及摄入进入人体。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
SALIVARY EXCRETION OF MERCURY (HG) & ITS RELATION TO BLOOD & URINE HG HAS BEEN DETERMINED TO BE ABOUT ONE-TENTH THAT OF THESE BODY FLUIDS, AS FOUND FROM A STUDY OF 40 WORKMEN EXPOSED FOR SEVERAL YR TO MIXED INORGANIC & ORGANIC MERCURIALS, CHIEFLY METALLIC HG, MERCURIC OXIDE, & PHENYL HG ACETATE.
MOST OF MERCURIC OXIDE ADMIN ORALLY TO RATS (5 MG MERCURY/KG) WAS EXCRETED IN FECES, & APPROX 2% OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN URINE. DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN RAT TISSUES AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF MERCURIC OXIDE WAS SIMILIAR TO MERCURIC CHLORIDE. THUS, MERCURIC OXIDE COULD BE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT WITHOUT TRANSFORMATION TO MERCURIC CHLORIDE.
TECHNIQUES OF BODY RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT WERE USED TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF (203)HG IN 2 MEN WHO HAD ACCIDENTALLY (WHILE MONITORING AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION) INHALED AEROSOLS OF IRRADIATED MERCURIC OXIDE. THE MAJOR SITE OF SYSTEMIC DEPOSITION WAS THE KIDNEY.
... HG BATTERY WORKERS EXPOSED DAILY TO HGO DUST SHOWED 56% WITH URINARY HG VALUES ABOVE THE NORMAL LEVEL OF 250 UG/L WITHOUT CLINICAL SIGNS OF POISONING, AS EVIDENCED BY NORMAL BETA-GLOBULIN LEVELS.
In experiments on dogs, approx 45% of a radioactive mercury (II) oxide aerosol, with a median droplet diameter of 0.16 (+ or - 0.06) um, was cleared in less than 24 hr and the remainder with a half-time of 33 days ... Radioactivity was detected in blood as well as in urine. The concn in blood followed the curve of its disappearance from the lungs. The in vivo solubility of the particles was found to be of great importance for the clearance during the slow phase.
Oxymercuration reaction products (I) and/or mercury contaminated steroids (I) are purified by dissolving the compound in a suitable solvent and contacting with a metal dust selected from zinc, copper or iron and a suitable acid.
Haloguanidine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use
申请人:ICI Americas Inc.
公开号:US04362728A1
公开(公告)日:1982-12-07
Compounds useful for inhibiting gastric acid secretion and for the treatment of peptic ulcers caused or exacerbated by gastric acidity having the following formula (I): ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, are H, C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl in which the alkyl part is C.sub.1-6 and the cycloalkyl part is C.sub.3-8, each of the alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyls being optionally substituted by one or more halogens selected from F, Cl and Br, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a halogen substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl and provided that there is no halogen substituent on the carbon directly attached to the nitrogen; and X, m, Y, n and R.sup.3 are as described in the specification; and the pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salts thereof. Processes for producing compounds of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods of utilizing such compositions and intermediates useful for synthesizing compounds of formula (I) are also described.
Substituted aminobenzamides and their use as agents which inhibit
申请人:Sterling Drug Inc.
公开号:US04510139A1
公开(公告)日:1985-04-09
Novel 2-(hydroxyphenylamino)benzamides and oxidation products thereof, useful as inhibitors of lipoxygenase, are of the formulas ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, lower-alkyl, halo or lower-alkoxy; R' is hydrogen or lower-alkyl; R" is hydrogen, lower-alkyl or halo; and N.dbd.Z is amino or substituted amino. The compounds of Formula I are prepared by de-etherification of the corresponding alkyl or benzyl ethers; and the compounds of Formula II are prepared by oxidation of the compounds of Formula I where R' is hydrogen and OH is in the 4-position.
Compounds and Compositions as Protein Kinase Inhibitors
申请人:Costales Abran Q.
公开号:US20110052578A1
公开(公告)日:2011-03-03
The present invention provides compounds of Formula I or II:
wherein R
1
, R
1b
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
and R
7
are defined herein. The compounds of Formula (I) or (II) and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are useful for the treatment of B-Raf-associated diseases.
9-alpha-hydroxy steroids, process for their preparation, process for the
申请人:Gist-Brocades N.V.
公开号:US05352809A1
公开(公告)日:1994-10-04
New 9-alphahydroxy steroids are prepared by the introduction of substituents on the D-ring of 9-alpha-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The resulting compounds are useful intermediates in the synthesis of corticosteroids.