溴化铍 | 7787-46-4

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 碱土金属盐
• 中文名称: 溴化铍
• 中文别名: 铍二溴化物
• 英文名称: Berylliumbromid
• 英文别名: beryllium;dibromide
• CAS: 7787-46-4
• 化学式: BeBr₂
• 分子量: 168.82
• InChiKey: PBKYCFJFZMEFRS-UHFFFAOYSA-L

物化性质

• 熔点：
  506-509°; also reported as 488°
• 沸点：
  bp 520°
• 密度：
  3.465
• 溶解度：
  极易溶于H2O；溶于乙醇、吡啶
• 稳定性/保质期：

  无水溴化铍是无色针状结晶。其相对密度为3.47，熔点为488℃，从360℃开始升华。这种物质吸湿性很强，能溶于水并释放大量热量，同时也溶于醇醚。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -6.37
• 重原子数：
  3
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  2

ADMET

代谢

铍主要通过肺部被吸收，进入血液后通过结合前白蛋白和γ-球蛋白在体内传输。铍在肺部组织和骨骼中积累，主要通过尿液排出。溴主要通过吸入被吸收，但也可能通过皮肤接触进入人体。溴盐可以通过摄入。由于溴的活性，它迅速形成溴化物，并可能沉积在组织中，取代其他卤素。

Beryllium is absorbed mainly through the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream and is transported throughout the body by binding to prealbumins and gamma-globulins. Beryllium accumulates in lung tissue and the skeleton. It is excreted mainly in the urine. Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626, L25)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

一旦进入人体，铍作为半抗原与肺部的人类白细胞抗原（HLA）DP呈递细胞相互作用，并与主要组织相容性（MHC）II类分子物理关联。这种MHC II类-铍-肽复合物被T淋巴细胞受体识别，触发CD4+ T淋巴细胞的激活和增殖。由此产生的炎症反应是由细胞因子协调的细胞介导过程，导致（通常是肺部的）肉芽肿的形成。铍的毒性可能受到铁储存蛋白铁蛋白的控制，铁蛋白通过结合铍并阻止其与其他酶相互作用来隔离铍。溴是一种强氧化剂，能够从粘膜的水分中释放氧气自由基。这些自由基也是强氧化剂，会导致组织损伤。此外，氢溴酸和溴酸的形成将导致二次刺激。溴离子也被知道会影响中枢神经系统，导致溴中毒。这被认为是溴离子取代神经递质和传输系统中的氯离子的结果，从而影响许多突触过程。（L626，L627，A543，L25，A37，A91）

Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543, L25, A37, A91)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

高浓度的急性吸入铍可以导致一种类似肺炎的病症，称为急性铍病。长期吸入铍会在呼吸系统引起炎症反应，称为慢性铍病。慢性铍病可能导致厌食和体重减轻，以及在晚期病例中出现心脏右侧扩大和心脏病。长期暴露还可能增加肺癌的风险。皮肤接触铍会导致接触性皮炎。溴蒸气会引起刺激和对粘膜的直接损害。元素溴也会烧伤皮肤。溴化物离子是一种中枢神经系统抑制剂，长期暴露会产生神经效应。这被称为溴中毒，可能导致从中睡到昏迷、恶病质、昏迷、反射丧失或病理性反射、阵挛性癫痫、震颤、共济失调、神经敏感性丧失、麻痹、眼乳头水肿、异常言语、脑水肿、谵妄、攻击性和精神疾病等中枢反应。

Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can cause an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitus. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627, L24, L25)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L626）；吸入（L626）；皮肤给药（L626）

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

慢性铍病会导致疲劳、虚弱、呼吸困难以及持续的干咳。溴蒸气会引起刺激和对粘膜的直接损伤。症状包括流泪、流涕、眼部刺激伴有来自口咽部和上呼吸道的粘液分泌、咳嗽、呼吸困难、窒息、喘息、鼻出血和头痛。溴离子是一种中枢神经系统抑制剂，会导致共济失调、言语不清、震颤、恶心、呕吐、乏力、眩晕、视觉障碍、不稳、头痛、记忆和注意力受损、定向障碍和幻觉。这种情况被称为溴中毒。

Chronic beryllium disease causes fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing, and a persistent dry cough. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627, L24, L25)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  6.1(b)

制备方法与用途

合成制备方法

制法1：将氧化铍与活性炭或糖炭按5∶3的比例混合，在含溴的氮气流中加热至1200℃，即可得到溴化铍。生成物以升华的形式获得。

制法2：两种元素直接反应：Be+Br₂→BeBr₂

具体步骤为：用红外线灯加热使溴蒸发，并与氩气流一起从石英管中的铍粉上通过。当温度升至550℃时，即可生成溴化铍。有时生成的BeBr₂可能会堵塞石英管的管路，在管子内部放置一个加热线圈可有效防止这一问题，该线圈可以嵌入一个小石英管的一端。加热温度控制在450～500℃之间。石英管顶端连接收集器，并通过几个洗气瓶隔绝空气。

生成的溴化铍可以在充满稀有气体的储藏瓶中储存。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  1-环丙基-1-甲基乙醇 、 溴化铍 以95%的产率得到
  参考文献：
  名称：

  MCCORMICK J. P.; BARTON D. L., J. ORG. CHEM., 1980, 45, NO 13, 2566-2570

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Steric Influence on the Constitution of Beryllium Phosphine Complexes
  作者：Magnus R. Buchner、Sergei I. Ivlev

  DOI：10.1002/ejic.202300199

  日期：2023.10.12

  While [(PMe2Ph)2BeX2] (X=Cl, Br, I) and [(PMePh2)2BeX2] are mononuclear complexes, [(PPh3)BeX2]2 is dinuclear and exhibits dynamic behaviour in solution due to phosphine dissociation. This high dynamicity is the reason for halide exchange with dichloromethane.

  确定了膦的阈值锥角，低于该阈值锥角可以将两个配体容纳在二卤化铍片段的第一配体球中。[(PMe 2 Ph) 2 Be X 2 ] ( X =Cl, Br, I) 和 [(PMePh 2 ) 2 Be X 2 ] 是单核配合物，[(PPh 3 )Be X 2 ] 2是双核配合物并表现出由于磷化氢解离而导致溶液中的动态行为。这种高动态性是卤化物与二氯甲烷交换的原因。