硫酸胺 | 7783-20-2

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 金属硫化物及硫酸盐
• 中文名称: 硫酸胺
• 中文别名: 硫酸铵；硫铵；肥田粉
• 英文名称: Ammonium Sulfate
• 英文别名: diazanium;sulfate
• CAS: 7783-20-2
• 化学式: (NH4)2SO4
• 分子量: 132.14
• InChiKey: BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  >280 °C (dec.) (lit.)
• 密度：
  1.77 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
• 闪点：
  26 °C
• 溶解度：
  H2O:1 Mat 20 °C,透明，无色
• 最大波长(λmax)：
  λ: 260 nm Amax: ≤0.037λ: 280 nm Amax: ≤0.030
• LogP：
  -5.1 at 25℃
• 物理描述：
  Ammonium sulfate is a white odorless solid. Sinks and dissolves in water. (USCG, 1999)
• 颜色/状态：
  White or brown orthorhombic crystals
• 气味：
  Odorless
• 蒸汽压力：
  Vapor pressure of saturated solution: 0.901 kPa at 10 °C; 1.319 kPa at 15 °C; 1.871 kPa at 20 °C; 2.573 kPa at 25 °C; 3.439 kPa at 30 °C; 4.474 kPa at 35 °C
• 稳定性/保质期：

  Stable under recommended storage conditions.

• 自燃温度：
  Not flammable (USCG, 1999)
• 分解：
  On heating in an open system, the compound begins to decompose at about 150 °C, yielding ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4), and releasing ammonia.
• 腐蚀性：
  Does not attack iron or aluminum /Ammoniacal solutions/
• 折光率：
  Index of refraction: 1.521, 1.523, 1.533
• pH：
  pH = 5.5 (0.1 M aqueous solution)

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.33
• 重原子数：
  7
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  85
• 氢给体数：
  4
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

毒理性

• 毒性总结

硫酸铵是一种白色固体。硫酸铵主要用于商业肥料混合物中作为氮源，或者直接作为肥料施用，这占了总量的90%以上。它还用于各种工业应用，并在欧盟被批准为直接食品添加剂。在美国，硫酸铵已注册使用，但批准的农药用途可能会定期更改，因此必须咨询联邦、州和地方当局以获取当前批准的用途。含有硫酸铵的非农业产品（例如清洁产品、油漆），其硫酸铵含量高达50%。硫酸铵已被确定为在液压破碎中作为破裂剂使用。人类暴露和毒性：在人类中，吸入0.1至0.5毫克/立方米硫酸铵气溶胶两到四个小时未产生肺部效应。在1毫克/立方米时，健康志愿者在急性暴露后出现了非常轻微的肺部效应，表现为呼气流量、肺流量阻力和动态肺顺应性的降低。18人饮用了受硫酸铵肥料污染的水（1500-2000毫克/升）后，出现了类似急性肠炎的胃肠疼痛。所有症状在24小时后消失。它未能在哺乳动物或人类细胞培养中诱导染色体畸变。铵也是内源物质，在维持酸碱平衡中起着重要作用。少量的铵氮被并入生理N池。硫酸盐是内源性硫化合物代谢的正常中间产物，以不变形式或结合形式在尿液中排出。动物研究：硫酸铵的急性毒性相对较低（LD50，口服，大鼠：2000-4250毫克/千克体重；LD50，皮肤，大鼠/小鼠>2000毫克/千克体重；8小时LC50，吸入，大鼠>1000毫克/立方米）。口服暴露后的临床体征包括蹒跚、卧倒、冷漠，以及在接近或超过LD50值的剂量给药后立即出现的呼吸困难和呼吸不规则。纯硫酸铵对兔子的皮肤和眼睛无刺激性。在大鼠吸入300毫克/立方米的14天研究中，未报告下呼吸道组织病理学变化。在给大鼠喂食含有硫酸铵的饮食13周后，唯一发现的毒性迹象是高剂量组雄性动物出现腹泻。三只兔子总共服用了1500毫克/千克的硫酸铵，它们都表现出类似的症状，如瞳孔散大、呼吸节律不齐、局部和全身抽搐，直至呼吸衰竭和心脏骤停。脑电图显示慢波抑制和高幅慢波模式，这在人和动物的高铵血症中通常观察到。血清中铵离子和无机硫酸根离子的浓度显著增加，血液气体分析显示严重的代谢性酸中毒。这些结果，主要是脑电图发现，表明血液中铵离子快速增加会损害中枢神经系统，而不会出现显微变化。硫酸铵在细菌（Ames试验）和酵母菌中不具有诱变性，无论是否有代谢激活系统。它未能在哺乳动物或人类细胞培养中诱导染色体畸变。与其它盐类似，高剂量的硫酸铵可能具有在大鼠胃中促进肿瘤的能力；然而，在相同条件下测试时，它比氯化钠要弱得多。在给大鼠喂食硫酸铵的13周研究中，直至1792毫克/千克体重，未观察到睾丸的组织学变化。卵巢未进行检查。生态毒性研究：最敏感的两栖动物是6周大的Pseudacris regilla蝌蚪。有关于鱼类、无脊椎动物和浮游植物的海洋急性数据，后者最为敏感。对于Gymnodinium splendens和Gonyaulax polyedra，在0.7毫克/升及以上的浓度下发现了生长减少。对于海水无脊椎动物，最低效应值是在绿贻贝Perna viridis（96小时-LC50 = 47.7毫克/升）中获得的。对于海洋鱼类，最低效应值是在Sciaenops ocellatus的幼虫中发现的，其LC50（10天）为27毫克/升。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium sulfate is a white solid. Ammonium sulfate is used primarily as a nitrogen source in commercial fertilizer mixtures or as a direct application fertilizer, which accounts for > 90 % of the total amount. It is further used in a variety of industrial applications and is also approved as a direct food additive in the EU. It is registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Non-agricultural products containing ammonium sulfate which are intended for use by the general public (e.g. cleaning products, paints); contain ammonium sulfate levels up to 50%. Ammonium sulfate has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a breaker. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In humans, inhalation exposure to 0.1 to 0.5 mg ammonium sulfate/cu m aerosol for two to four hours produced no pulmonary effects. At 1 mg ammonium sulfate/cu m very slight pulmonary effects in the form of a decrease in expiratory flow, in pulmonary flow resistance and dynamic lung compliance were found in healthy volunteers after acute exposure. 18 people who drank water polluted with ammonium sulfate fertilizer (1500 - 2000 mg/L) suffered gastrointestinal pain similar to acute enteritis. All symptoms passed after 24 hr. It did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian or human cell cultures. Ammonium is also an endogenous substance that serves a major role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance. Minor amounts of ammonium nitrogen are incorporated in the physiological N-pool. Sulfate is a normal intermediate in the metabolism of endogenous sulfur compounds, and is excreted unchanged or in conjugated form in urine. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ammonium sulfate is of relatively low acute toxicity (LD50, oral, rat: 2000 - 4250 mg/kg bw; LD50 dermal, rat/mouse > 2000 mg/kg bw; 8-hr LC50, inhalation, rat > 1000 mg/cu m). Clinical signs after oral exposure included staggering, prostration, apathy, and labored and irregular breathing immediately after dosing at doses near to or exceeding the LD50 value. Neat ammonium sulfate was not irritating to the skin and eyes of rabbits. A 14-day inhalation study on rats exposed to 300 mg/cu m, the only tested dose, did not report histopathological changes in the lower respiratory tract. After feeding diets containing ammonium sulfate for 13 weeks to rats the only toxicity sign found was diarrhea in male animals of the high-dose group. The total dose of 1500 mg/kg of ammonium sulfate was administered to three rabbits, all of which showed similar symptoms such as mydriasis, irregular respiratory rhythms, local and general convulsions, until they fell into respiratory failure with cardiac arrest. EEG showed slow, suppressive waves and high-amplitude slowing wave pattern, which is generally observed clinically in hyperammonemia in man and animal. There was a remarkable increase in the concentration of ammonium ion and inorganic sulfate ion in serum, and blood gas analysis showed severe metabolic acidosis. These results, mainly findings by EEG, have shown that a rapid increase in ammonium ions in blood can cause damaging the central nervous system without microscopic change. Ammonium sulfate was not mutagenic in bacteria (Ames test) and yeasts with and without metabolic activation systems. It did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian or human cell cultures. Similarly to other salts, high doses of ammonium sulfate may have the capability of tumor promotion in the rat stomach; it is, however, much less potent than sodium chloride when tested under identical conditions. In the 13-week feeding study of ammonium sulfate with rats, no histological changes of testes were observed up to 1792 mg/kg bw. The ovaries were not examined. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The most sensitive amphibians were 6 week-old Pseudacris regilla tadpoles. Marine acute data are available for fish, invertebrates and for phytoplankton, the latter being most sensitive. For Gymnodinium splendens and Gonyaulax polyedra, growth reduction was found at concentrations of 0.7 mg/L and above. For seawater invertebrates the lowest effect value was obtained for green mussel Perna viridis (96h-LC50 = 47.7 mg/L). For marine fish the lowest effect value was found for larvae of Sciaenops ocellatus with a LC50 (10 d) of 27 mg/L.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

几种吸入的大气对大鼠呼吸防御系统的影响进行了测试。研究的材料包括臭氧和硫酸铵、硫酸铁和硫酸的气溶胶；相对湿度也是一个受控的实验变量。每种硫酸盐都作为亚微米气溶胶单独研究，浓度为3.5毫克/立方米空气，并与0.8 ppm的臭氧结合。结果与伪暴露动物和仅暴露于臭氧的大鼠的结果进行了比较。空气污染物暴露，在不锈钢室内进行，仅一次，持续4小时。评估效果的终点是测量早期和晚期放射性标记不溶性示踪粒子的清除速率。在空气污染物暴露前吸入示踪粒子，并在大约2周内跟踪粒子的清除。仅臭氧减缓了早期（暴露后0-50小时）粒子的清除，并在后期（2-17天）刺激了清除。高湿度通常放大了臭氧的这些效果以及其他研究的大气中的许多效果。硫酸盐气溶胶单独对早期或晚期清除的影响相对较小。臭氧和气溶胶的组合产生的效果与仅臭氧的效果相似。数据不支持硫酸盐气溶胶与臭氧协同改变呼吸道清除的假设，硫酸可能是例外。这些数据本身不能用来预测所研究材料的整体健康影响。

Several inhaled atmospheres were tested for effects on the rat respiratory defense system. Materials studied included ozone and aerosols of ammonium sulfate, ferric sulfate, and sulfuric acid; relative humidity was also a controlled experimental variable. Each sulfate was studied alone as a submicrometer aerosol at a concentration of 3.5 mg/cu m in air and combined with ozone at 0.8 ppm. Results were compared with those for sham-exposed animals and for rats exposed to ozone alone. Air pollutant exposures, inside stainless steel chambers, were one time only for 4 hr. The end points for evaluation of effects were measurements of early and late rates of clearance of radiolabeled insoluble tracer particles. Tracer particles were inhaled before air pollutant exposures and particle clearance was followed for about 2 wk. Ozone alone slowed the early (0-50 hr after exposure) particle clearance and stimulated clearance during the later phase (2-17 d). High humidity usually amplified these effects of ozone as well as many of the other atmospheres studied. Sulfate aerosols alone tended to produce relatively small effects on early or late clearance. Combinations of ozone and aerosols resulted in effects that were similar to those of ozone alone. The data do not support the hypotheses that sulfate aerosols synergize with ozone in altering respiratory tract clearance, sulfuric acid being a probable exception. These data alone cannot be used to predict the overall health effects of the materials studied.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

硫酸铵对叙利亚金仓鼠肺部苯并[a]芘致癌作用的影响进行了研究。在空气浓度是平均美国环境水平的20倍的情况下，接触硫酸铵显著降低了（p小于0.05）研究前6个月内的苯并[a]芘致癌作用。然而，在研究的终止时，即2年后，接受苯并[a]芘和苯并[a]芘加硫酸铵的组别之间癌症发生率没有差异。此外，在研究的浓度下，吸入硫酸铵并没有显著增加仓鼠肺炎或肺纤维化的发生率或严重程度。然而，这种吸入确实增加了肺气肿的发生率，但并未增加其严重程度。在研究的前6个月，同时接受苯并[a]芘和硫酸铵的动物癌症发生率降低，这表明硫酸盐和苯并[a]芘之间的相互作用确实存在，但不足以提供长期预防癌症发展的保护。在吸入硫酸盐的存在下，苯并[a]芘并未增强致癌作用。

The effect of inhaled ammonium sulfate on benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis in the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters was studied. Exposure to ammonium sulfate at an airborne concentration 20 times average United States ambient levels resulted in a significant depression (p less than 0.05) of benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis in the first 6 mo of the study. However, at 2 yr, the termination of the study, there were no differences in cancer incidence between groups receiving benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene plus ammonium sulfate. In addition, at the concentration studied, inhaled ammonium sulfate did not significantly increase the incidence or severity of pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis in the hamster. However, this inhalation did increase the incidence of emphysema but not the severity. The decreased incidence of cancer during the first 6 mo of this study in animals receiving both benzo[a]pyrene and ammonium sulfate suggests that interaction between sulfate and benzo[a]pyrene does occur, but is insufficient to afford long-term protection against the development of cancer. No enhancement of carcinogenesis by benzo[a]pyrene occurs in the presence of inhaled sulfate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

臭氧或二氧化氮这类氧化性空气污染物与可吸入的硫酸铵气溶胶之间出现了一种迄今未预料的协同作用，这一现象在大鼠对这些物质的受控暴露实验中被观察到。通过测量暴露动物肺组织的体外胶原蛋白合成速率来量化大鼠肺部对这些污染物的反应。在5毫克/立方米的(NH4)2SO4气溶胶存在下，O3或NO2的剂量-反应曲线发生了改变。对高浓度臭氧暴露的大鼠肺部的形态计量学和病理组织学观察，以及在(NH4)2SO4颗粒共同暴露下的观察，证实了这种协同效应。在另一组实验中，大鼠在接近环境水平的条件下暴露于臭氧和硫酸酸气溶胶（亚微米级气溶胶）的混合物中。在这些实验中也观察到了臭氧对肺胶原蛋白合成速率的增强作用。这些观察结果可能对在制定环境空气质量标准或职业安全阈值限值时，适当评估实验室数据具有广泛的影响。

A hitherto unexpected synergism between the oxidant air pollutants ozone or nitrogen dioxide and a respirable-sized aerosol of ammonium sulfate was observed during controlled exposures of rats to these substances. Response of rat lungs to these pollutants was quantitated by measurement of apparent collagen synthesis rates in vitro by lung minces from exposed animals. Dose-response curves to either O3 or NO2 were altered in the presence of 5 mg/cu m of (NH4)2SO4 aerosol. Morphometric and histologic observations of lungs from rats exposed to high levels of ozone, with and without concurrent exposure to the (NH4)2SO4 particles, confirmed such synergistic effects. In a separate set of experiments, rats were exposed at near ambient levels to mixtures of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol (submicron-sized aerosol). Potentiation of ozone effects on lung collagen synthesis rates was also observed in these experiments. These observations may have broad implications for the appropriate evaluation of laboratory data in the setting of ambient air quality standards and/or threshold limit values for occupational safety.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

硫酸铵（5毫克/立方米）和臭氧（0.2 ppm）对大鼠肺部有协同效应，当动物连续暴露7天时。

A synergistic effect of ammonium sulfate (5 mg/cu m) and ozone (0.2 ppm) has been reported for rat lung when the animals were exposed continuously for 7 days.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在水环境中，例如人体内，硫酸铵完全解离成铵离子（NH4+）和硫酸根离子（SO4 2-）。在水介质中的生理pH值下，铵离子与未离子化的氨处于平衡状态... 铵离子在维持酸碱平衡方面起着重要作用。在血液的正常pH范围内，NH4+/NH3的比例大约是100。铵离子通过与氨的平衡很容易被吸收。还有一些证据表明，铵离子从肠道中通过主动运输被吸收。研究表明，当腔内pH值降低到5时，人类结肠仍然可以传输氨，而在这种情况下未离子化的氨几乎不存在。吸收的铵被运输到肝脏，并在那里代谢成尿素并通过肾脏排出。少量的氮被并入生理氮池中。硫酸根的吸收取决于摄入量。在志愿者口服硫酸镁或硫酸钠（含5.4克硫酸根）后，24小时内尿液中排出了30-44%的硫酸根。当硫酸根的剂量超过肠道的吸收能力时，硫酸根会通过粪便排出。肠道中的硫酸根可能会在高剂量时结合腔内的水分，导致腹泻。硫酸根是人体血液的正常组成部分，不会在组织中积聚。硫酸根水平通过肾脏的重吸收机制进行调节。硫酸根通常通过肾脏排泄。它在各种内源性和外源性化合物的解毒中也起着重要作用，因为它可以与这些物质结合形成可溶于尿液的硫酸酯。

In aqueous environments, such as the body the ammonium sulfate is completely dissociated into the ammonium (NH4 +) and the sulfate (SO4 2-) ions. At physiological pH in aqueous media, the ammonium ion is in equilibrium with un-ionized ammonia ... The ammonium ion serves a major role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance. In the normal pH range of blood, the NH4+/NH3 /ratio/ is about 100. An ammonium ion via the equilibrium with ammonia is readily taken up. Some evidence exists also for an active transport of the ammonium ion from the intestinal tract. It was shown that ammonia transport by the human colon still occurred when the luminal pH was reduced to 5, where nonionized ammonia would be virtually absent. Absorbed ammonium is transported to the liver and metabolized to urea and excreted via the kidneys. Minor amounts of nitrogen are incorporated in the physiological N-pool. Absorption of sulfate depends on the amount ingested. 30 - 44 % of sulfate was excreted in the 24 hr urine after oral administration of magnesium or sodium sulfate (5.4 g sulfate) in volunteers. At high sulfate doses that exceed intestinal absorption, sulfate is excreted in feces. Intestinal sulfate may bind water into the lumen and cause diarrhea in high doses. Sulfate is a normal constituent of human blood and does not accumulate in tissues. Sulfate levels are regulated by the kidney through a reabsorption mechanism. Sulfate is usually eliminated by renal excretion. It has also an important role in the detoxification of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, as it may combine with these to form soluble sulfate esters that are excreted in the urine.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在兔、仓鼠和豚鼠研究中，已经证明了含(35)S标记的硫酸铵气溶胶，其大小为0.3和0.6微米（MMAD），能够到达肺部。然而，大量的化合物发现在鼻子里。从肺部清除（通过血液和泌尿道）的时间被确定为18到20分钟。从泌尿道可收集的硫酸盐中，有95%在6小时内被排出。清除研究的结果表明，没有物种差异。肺部芳烃羟化酶（一种参与苯并(a)芘和其他致癌物代谢的酶）的诱导不被硫酸铵抑制（有报道称其他空气污染物会引起这种效应）。

In rabbit, hamster and guinea pig studies it was demonstrated that (35)S-labeled ammonium sulfate aerosols with a size of 0.3 and 0.6 um (MMAD) reached the lung. However a substantial proportion of the compound was found in the nose. The clearance from the lung (via the blood and urinary tract) was determined to be 18 to 20 min. From the collectable sulfate in the urinary tract 95 % was excreted within 6 hr. The results of clearance studies suggested that there was no species difference. The induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (an enzyme that acts in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and other carcinogens) in the lung is not inhibited by ammonium sulfate (there are reports of other air pollutants that cause this effect).

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险品标志：
  Xi
• 安全说明：
  S26,S37/39
• 危险类别码：
  R36/37/38
• WGK Germany：
  1
• 海关编码：
  3102210000,31022100
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 1170 3/PG 3
• RTECS号：
  BS4500000
• 包装等级：
  Z01

制备方法与用途

氮肥

硫酸铵又称硫铵，是国内外最早生产和使用的一种氮肥。通常把它当作标准氮肥，含氮量在20％～30％之间。硫酸铵是强酸弱碱盐，水溶液显酸性。硫酸铵是属于无机肥里的氮肥、酸性肥料，长期单一使用，使土壤酸化板结，需要改良。 硫酸铵不能用于生产有机肥料。而且酸性肥料不能和碱性肥料一起使用，双水解容易使肥效散失。
在20世纪60年代，硫酸铵是氮肥的主要品种，也是提供作物营养元素硫的主要来源之一。最早是用氨和硫酸中和制得，但后来副产硫酸铵比例越来越大，现在国内基本全部来自于其他行业副产，例如炼焦行业、己内酰胺、硫酸尾气脱硫、电厂脱硫、丙烯腈以及甲基丙烯酸甲酯、氧化锌等副产。副产硫酸铵遵循了“以废治废”的原理，实现了废弃物的综合利用，达到了节能减排的目的。尤其是随着氨法脱硫项目技术的突破，今后电厂脱硫副产硫酸铵产量将会大幅增长。

纯品硫酸铵为白色结晶体，热至100℃开始分解成氨及硫酸氢铵，副产品带微黄或灰色，吸湿性小，不易结块，所以比较容易保存，且较易溶于水，不溶于乙醇和丙酮。
硫酸铵为生理酸性速效氮肥，一般比较适用于小麦、玉米、水稻、棉花、甘薯、麻类、果树、蔬菜等作物。对于土壤而言，硫酸铵最适于中性土壤和碱性土壤，而不适于酸性土壤。也用作分析试剂(沉淀剂、掩蔽剂),电化学分析中的支持电解质,微生物培养基及铵盐制备。

施用方法

（1）作基肥。硫酸铵作基肥时要深施覆土，以利于作物吸收。
（2）作追肥。这是最适宜的施用方法。根据不同土壤类型确定硫酸铵的追肥用量。对保水保肥性能差的土壤，要分期追施，每次用量不宜过多；对保水保肥性能好的土壤，每次用量可适当多些。土壤水分多少也对肥效有较大的影响，特别是旱地，施用硫酸铵时一定要注意及时浇水。至于水田作追肥时，则应先排水落干，并且要注意结合耕耙同时施用。此外，不同作物施用硫酸铵时也存在明显的差异，如用于果树时，可开沟条施、环施或穴施。
（3）较适于作种肥。因为硫酸铵对种子发芽无不良影响。

注意事项

（1）不能与其他碱性肥料或碱性物质接触或混合施用，以防降低肥效。
（2）不宜在同一块耕地上长期施用硫酸铵，否则土壤会变酸造成板结。如确需施用时，可适量配合施用一些石灰或有机肥。但必须注意不能和石灰混施，以防止硫酸铵分解，造成氮素损失。一般两者的配合施用要相隔3～5 天。
（3）不适于在酸性土壤上施用。

水中溶解度(g/100ml)

不同温度(℃)时每100毫升水中的溶解克数:
70.6g/0℃;73g/10℃;75.4g/20℃;78g/30℃;81g/40℃
88g/60℃;95g/80℃;103g/100℃

鉴别试验

铵盐试验(IT-3)和硫酸盐试验(IT-29)呈阳性。

含量分析

精确称取试样2g，溶于100ml水中，移人一250ml烧瓶中。加入由甲醛和水按等容积混合的混合液[预先用1mol/L氢氧化钠液中和，用酚酞试液(TS-167)作指示剂]40ml，混合。静置30min。用1mol/L氢氧化钠液滴定至粉红色终点，并维持5min。每毫升1mol/L氢氧化钠液相当于硫酸铵[(NH₄)₂SO₄]66.06mg。

毒性

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 2840 mg/kg

使用限量

焙烤制品0.15%；明胶和布丁制品0.1%(FDA，§184.1143，2000)。

食品添加剂最大允许使用量最大允许残留量标准

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添加剂中文名称

允许使用该种添加剂的食品中文名称

添加剂功能

最大允许使用量（g/kg）

最大允许残留量（g/kg）

硫酸铵

食品

食品工业用加工助剂

/

一般应在制成最后成品之前出去，有规定食品中残留量的除外

化学性质

纯品是无色斜方晶体。水溶液带有辛辣的咸味。工业品是白色或带微黄色的小晶粒。 溶于水，不溶于乙醇。

用途

主要用作肥料，适用于各种土壤和作物

用途

用作分析试剂，也用于沉淀蛋白

用途

用作焊药、织物防火剂等

用途

用作肥料，还可用作焊药、织物防火剂，医药上作盐析剂、渗透压调节剂等

用途

化学工业用作双氧水、铵明矾和氯化铵生产的原料，焊接工业用作焊药。纺织工业用作织物的防火剂。电镀工业用作电镀浴添加剂。农业上用作氮肥，适用于一般土壤和作物。食用级产品用作面团调节剂、酵母养料。

用途

面团调节剂；酵母养料。用作鲜酵母生产中酵母菌培养用氮源，用量不规定。作为面包中酵母养料中的用量约10%(约为小麦粉量的0.25%)。GB 2760-90列为加工助剂。

用途

生物制剂，沉淀蛋白质，色谱分析试剂，尿液检查，单倍体育种中配制培养基。 医药用作盐析剂、食品酱色的催化剂和用于鲜酵母生产酵母菌的培养。也用作酸性染料的助染剂和皮革的脱灰剂。生产双氧水用来制过硫酸铵，以及电镀等。

生产方法

由氢氧化铵和硫酸中和后，结晶、离心分离并干燥而得。

生产方法

中和法氨与硫酸约在100℃下进行中和反应，生成的硫酸铵晶浆液经离心分离、干燥，制得硫酸铵成品。其
2NH3+H2SO4→(NH4)2SO4
回收法由炼焦炉气回收氨气，再与硫酸进行中和反应而得。

类别

有毒物品

毒性分级

中毒

急性毒性

口服-大鼠LD50: 3000 毫克/公斤; 腹腔-小鼠LD50: 610 毫克/公斤

爆炸物危险特性

与氯酸钾加热发生白光;

可燃性危险特性

可燃; 受热产生有毒氮氧化物, 硫氧化物和氨烟雾

储运特性

库房通风低温干燥; 与硝酸钾, 亚硝酸钾分开存放

灭火剂

干粉、泡沫、砂土、二氧化碳, 雾状水

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  硫酸胺 生成 二氧化硫
  参考文献：
  名称：

  MOKRY, J., PETROCHEMIA, 28,(1988) N 1, 1-5

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  硫化氢 生成 硫酸胺
  参考文献：
  名称：

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  乙二胺四乙酸 、 2-巯基乙醇 、 苯甲基磺酰氟 、 硫酸酯 、 硫酸胺 在 nucleic acid 、 硫酸胺 、 Phenyl-Toyopearl 作用下， 以 三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐 、 甘油 为溶剂， 以the precipitated fraction was obtained in 40% to 75% saturation的产率得到L-2-辛醇
  参考文献：
  名称：

  (R)-2-octanol dehydrogenases, methods for producing the enzymes, DNA encoding the enzymes, and methods for producing alcohols using the enzymes

  摘要：

  本发明提供了催化以NAD+（NADH）为辅酶的氧化还原反应的（R）-2-辛醇脱氢酶以及编码它们的基因。本发明的酶可以从微生物中获得，例如Pichia属、Candida属、Ogataea属等。使用这种（R）-2-辛醇脱氢酶，可以通过还原酮类生成醇，特别是（S）-4-卤代-3-羟基丁酸酯和（R）-丙氧基苯基衍生物等醇。此外，本发明的（R）-2-辛醇脱氢酶在活性和立体选择性方面表现出色。

  公开号：

  US20020192783A1

文献信息

• Partial and full agonists of A1 adenosine receptors
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20040198691A1

  公开（公告）日：2004-10-07

  Disclosed are novel compounds that are partial and full A 1 adenosine receptor agonists, useful for treating various disease states, in particular tachycardia and atrial flutter, angina, and myocardial infarction.

  本发明涉及一种新型化合物，它们是A1腺苷受体的部分和完全激动剂，可用于治疗各种疾病状态，特别是心动过速和心房颤动，心绞痛和心肌梗死。
• Metallocene compounds and use thereof in catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
  申请人：Montell Technology Company B.V.

  公开号：US20010012877A1

  公开（公告）日：2001-08-09

  A class of bridged or unbridged metallocene compounds is disclosed, wherein the cyclopentadienyl ligands have two or four adjacent substituents forming one or two alkylenic cycles of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. These metallocenes are useful as catalyst components for the polymerization of olefins, particularly for the (co)polymerization of ethylene and for the polymerization of propylene.

  公开了一类桥接或未桥接的金属茂化合物，其中环戊二烯基配体具有两个或四个相邻的取代基，形成4到8个碳原子的一个或两个烷基环。这些茂金属化合物可用作催化剂组分，用于烯烃的聚合，尤其是用于乙烯的(共)聚合和丙烯的聚合。
• Purine derivatives
  申请人：Warner-Lambert Company

  公开号：US04921859A1

  公开（公告）日：1990-05-01

  Novel purine derivatives are described as agents for treating autoimmune diseases as well as a method of manufacture and pharmaceutical compositions as well as novel intermediates in the manufacture thereof.

  本发明涉及一种新型嘌呤衍生物，作为治疗自身免疫性疾病的药剂，以及制造方法、制药组合物和制造过程中的新型中间体。
• Method for recovery and conversion of strontium sulfate to strontium
  申请人：Excel-Mineral Company, Inc.

  公开号：US04666688A1

  公开（公告）日：1987-05-19

  Essentially pure strontium carbonate is recovered from low to medium grade strontium sulfate containing ores by first treating the ore with a hydrochloric acid solution to remove extraneous materials including calcium, magnesium, barium, and iron. The remaining strontium sulfate containing residue is treated with ammonium carbonate to produce insoluble strontium carbonate and soluble ammonium sulfate. The strontium carbonate then is converted to soluble strontium chloride through treatment with a second, stronger hydrochloric acid solution. Any remaining extraneous barium or iron is removed from the second acid solution before the strontium chloride is reconverted to insoluble strontium carbonate and precipitated out of solution for recovery.

  从含有低到中等级别的硫酸锶矿石中回收基本纯的碳酸锶，首先用盐酸溶液处理矿石，以去除包括钙、镁、钡和铁在内的杂质。剩余的含有硫酸锶的残渣经过氨基碳酸盐处理，产生不溶性的碳酸锶和可溶性的硫酸铵。然后通过使用第二个更强的盐酸溶液，将碳酸锶转化为可溶性的氯化锶。在将氯化锶重新转化为不溶性碳酸锶并沉淀出来进行回收之前，需要从第二个酸溶液中去除任何剩余的杂质钡或铁。
• Method for preparing d-tartaric acid
  申请人：Toray Industries, Inc.

  公开号：US03957579A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-05-18

  Dextro or d-tartaric acid is prepared by microbial conversion of cis-epoxysuccinic acid which is subjected to asymmetrical hydrolysis by the catalytic action of a microorganism taken from the group consisting of the genera Achromobacter and Alcaligenes in which cis-epoxysuccinic acid in an aqueous solution is brought into contact with the enzyme d-tartrate epoxidase.

  右旋酒石酸或d-酒石酸是通过微生物转化顺式环氧琥珀酸制备的，该顺式环氧琥珀酸经过不对称水解，在Achromobacter和Alcaligenes属的微生物的催化作用下，将顺式环氧琥珀酸在水溶液中与d-酒石酸环氧化酶酶接触。