Potassium alum does not go through a metabolic pathway. When ingested or absorbed, it will get rapidly dissolved and it will form ions that will later generate other salt derivatives.
Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4：无法归类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和难溶化合物/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
Potassium alum is found in its dodecahydrate form that produces a very large molecule. This large molecule cannot be absorbed through the skin when this substance is included as an astringent agent in topical OTC. If ingested, the aluminum salts are rapidly solubilized in the stomach and then they can generate aluminum hydroxide or poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
消除途径
当明矾被吸收后，肾脏负责消除大部分吸收的剂量。从排泄物中，0.1-0.3%的吸收剂量通过尿液排出。
When potassium alum is absorbed, the kidney is responsible for the elimination of the major portion of the absorbed dose. From the excretion, 0.1-0.3% of the absorbed dose is eliminated via the urine.
The distribution of aluminum salts in the body is influenced by increased concentrations of parathyroid hormone. It was shown, in preclinical studies, that oral administration of aluminum salts produces a distribution profile that forms deposits in kidneys, muscle, bone and gray matter.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
清除
铝的肾清除率大约是尿素或肌酐排泄的5-10%。铝化合物清除率降低是由于其与蛋白质的高结合。
Renal clearance of aluminum is approximately 5-10% of the excretion of urea or creatinine. The reduced clearance of aluminum compounds is due to the high protein binding.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
铝盐从小量从消化道吸收。/铝盐/
ALUMINUM SALTS ARE ABSORBED IN ... SMALL AMT FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM SALTS/
Method for manufacturing an active component of surfactant, surfactant and a method for using the surfactant
申请人：Kim Kyu In
公开号：US20050032663A1
公开（公告）日：2005-02-10
A novel colloid active component, a method for manufacturing colloid aluminum silica gel, and a surfactant containing the same are disclosed, wherein the method includes the steps of: (a) dissolving a mixture of aluminum oxide, silicic acid, potassium, iron oxide, sulfuric acid and water into sulfuric acid; (b) adding potassium sulfate solution into the solution, and stirring at a low temperature to produce compositions with soluble aluminum double salt; (c) purifying the compositions to obtain a very pure and dense aluminum potassium sulfate; (d) adding aluminum silicate and water to produce alkali metal polysilicate-sulfate water salt chelate; (e) polymerizing and precipitating the resultant; (f) adding Mgo, Fe
2
O
3
, Ca(OH)
2
, NaOH, KOH, and distilled water; (g) purifying and drying the chelate; (h) mixing the resulting microsphere, with sulfuric acid; (i) further treating the mixture and performing vapor treatment to obtain aluminum silicate molecular sieve; and, (j) polymerizing the aluminum silicate molecular sieves to a highly dense heel.
Method for producing aqueous solutions of basic poly aluminum sulphate
申请人：Handy Chemicals Ltd.
公开号：US04877597A1
公开（公告）日：1989-10-31
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a poly aluminum sulphate product having the following formula: [Al.sub.A (OH).sub.B (SO.sub.4).sub.C (H.sub.2 O).sub.E ].sub.n in which n is a positive integer; A is 1.0; B ranges from 0.75-2.0; C ranges from 0.5-1.12; and E is 1.5 to 4 when the product is in solid form; and E is larger than 4 when the product is in aqueous form, and wherein B+2C=3, said process comprising reacting an Alum solution with a suitable alkali aluminate under high shear mixing and recovering the desired product.
Solid aluminum hydroxide compositions having improved solubility, stability and filterability are formed by adding at least a stoichiometric amount of a solid base to a concentrated solution of an aluminum salt (about 8.3% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or higher) and stirring vigorously. The base used has an alkali metal, alkali earth metal, or other metallic cation, and does not contribute an anion other than hydroxide to the solution. Particularly suitable bases are carbonate and bicarbonate.
Dental compositions comprise an abrasive, a humectant material, water and a binder. The abrasive comprises sodium aluminosilicate product having a water demand of greater than 50 g water per 100 g product, and the dental compositions comprise a water to abrasive weight ratio greater than 1.
Method for manufacturing colloid aluminum silica gels
申请人：Kim In Kyu
公开号：US06958362B2
公开（公告）日：2005-10-25
A novel colloid active component, a method for manufacturing colloid aluminum silica gel, and a surfactant containing the same are disclosed, wherein the method includes the steps of: (a) dissolving a mixture of aluminum oxide, silicic acid, potassium, iron oxide, sulfuric acid and water into sulfuric acid; (b) adding potassium sulfate solution into the solution, and stirring at a low temperature to produce compositions with soluble aluminum double salt; (c) purifying the compositions to obtain a very pure and dense aluminum potassium sulfate; (d) adding aluminum silicate and water to produce alkali metal polysilicate-sulfate water salt chelate; (e) polymerizing and precipitating the resultant; (f) adding Mgo, Fe
2
O
3
, Ca(OH)
2
, NaOH, KOH, and distilled water; (g) purifying and drying the chelate; (h) mixing the resulting microsphere, with sulfuric acid; (i) further treating the mixture and performing vapor treatment to obtain aluminum silicate molecular sieve; and, (j) polymerizing the aluminum silicate molecular sieves to a highly dense heel.
