毒理性
四氧化钌的急性毒性很高,对眼睛和呼吸道有强烈的刺激性。暴露于四氧化钌蒸气可能会损伤眼睛的角膜。刺激通常是低浓度四氧化钌蒸气暴露的初期症状,还可能注意到流泪、眼睛有沙粒感以及在光源周围出现光环。在大多数情况下,几天内可以恢复。不立即引起刺激的蒸气浓度可能具有隐伏的累积效应;症状可能在暴露后数小时才被注意到。眼睛与该物质浓缩溶液接触可能会导致严重损伤甚至可能失明。吸入可能会导致头痛、咳嗽、眩晕、肺损伤和呼吸困难,并且可能是致命的。蒸气与皮肤接触可能会导致皮炎,直接接触固体可能会导致严重刺激和烧伤。通过吸入、皮肤接触或摄入四氧化钌可能会导致涉及肝脏和肾脏损伤的全身性毒性效应。四氧化钌被认为是一种具有较差警示性质的物质。长期暴露于四氧化钌可能会导致肝脏和肾脏中钌化合物的积累以及对这些器官的损害。据报道,四氧化钌对动物具有生殖毒性;这种物质在人类中尚未被证明具有致癌性或显示生殖或发育毒性。
The acute toxicity of osmium tetroxide is high, and it is a severe irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to osmium tetroxide vapor can damage the cornea of the eye. Irritation is generally the initial symptom of exposure to low concentrations of osmium tetroxide vapor, and lacrimation, a gritty feeling in the eyes, and the appearance of rings around lights may also be noted. In most cases, recovery occurs in a few days. Concentrations of vapor that do not cause immediate irritation can have an insidious cumulative effect; symptoms may not be noted until several hours after exposure. Contact of the eyes with concentrated solutions of this substance can cause severe damage and possible blindness. Inhalation can cause headache, coughing, dizziness, lung damage, and difficult breathing and may be fatal. Contact of the vapor with skin can cause dermatitis, and direct contact with the solid can lead to severe irritation and burns. Exposure to osmium tetroxide via inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion can lead to systemic toxic effects involving liver and kidney damage. Osmium tetroxide is regarded as a substance with poor warning properties. Chronic exposure to osmium tetroxide can result in an accumulation of osmium compounds in the liver and kidney and damage to these organs. Osmium tetroxide has been reported to cause reproductive toxicity in animals; this substance has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)