Powder or cubic or hexagonal crystals; color varies from olive green to red depending on particle size, but the commercial material is usually dark gray
Cobalt is absorbed though the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Since it is a component of the vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), it is distributed to most tissues of the body. It is transported in the blood, often bound to albumin, with the highest levels being found in the liver and kidney. Cobalt is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L29)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cobalt oxide is found in two forms, CoO and Co2O3. The commercial oxides are usually not definite chemical compounds but mixtures of the cobalt oxides. It could be found in the form of powder or cubic or hexagonal crystals; color varies from olive green to red depending on particle size, but the commercial material is usually dark gray. Cobalt oxide is used in pigments for ceramics, in glass coloring and decolorization, as oxidation catalyst for drying oils, and fast-drying paints and varnishes, in preparation of cobalt-metal catalysts, and cobalt powder for binder in sintered tungsten carbide; in semiconductors. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Three cases of pneumoconiosis in the tungsten carbide tool industry were reported, where exposure to cobalt powder, oxide or salt led to disease in three out of 1500 exposed workers. Particulate cobalt oxide was cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung epithelial cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Hamsters exposed by inhalation to cobalt oxide for a lifetime developed emphysema, but the incidence of pulmonary tumors was not different from controls. Cobalt oxide and cobalt sulfide were administered by single intramuscular injection in rats and mice and the sulfide was found to be more carcinogenic than the oxide. The carcinogenic response on injection in mice was much lower. In a later study, intramuscular injection of CoO resulted in a 50% incidence of rhabdomyosarcomas in rats but was completely negative in mice. Prolonged exposure (3-4 months) of rats and rabbits to mixed cobalt oxides (0.4-9 mg cobalt/mg) resulted in lesions in the alveolar region of the respiratory tract characterized histologically by nodular accumulation of Type II epithelial cells, accumulations of enlarged highly vacuolated macrophages, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Exposure to cobalt oxide (CoO <100 nm) nanoparticles was toxic to zooplankton, which is an important source of food in aquatic food chain.
Cobalt is believed to exhibit its toxicity through a oxidant-based and free radical-based processes. It produces oxygen radicals and may be oxidized to ionic cobalt, causing increased lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inducing certain enzymes that lead to cell apoptosis. Cobalt has also been shown to block inorganic calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. Cobalt can also chelate lipoic acids, impairing oxidation of pyruvate or fatty acids. In addition, cobalt may inhibit DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins, and has also been shown to inhibit heme synthesis and glucose metabolism. Cobalt may activate specific helper T-lymphocyte cells and interact directly with immunologic proteins, such as antibodies (IgA and IgE) or Fc receptors, resulting in immunosensitization. (L29)
... There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of cobalt(II) oxide in experimental animals. ... Overall Evaluation: Cobalt and cobalt compounds are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Cobalt and cobalt compounds/
There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of cobalt and cobalt compounds in humans. There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of cobalt metal powder in experimental animals. There is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of metal alloys containing cobalt, chromium and molybdenum in experimental animals. ... Overall Evaluation: Cobalt and cobalt compounds are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Cobalt and cobalt compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3：已确认的动物致癌物，对人类的相关性未知。/钴和钴的无机化合物/
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co/
The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the cobalt oxide concentration in air and the cobalt concentration in urine. In the first study, we measured the cobalt concentration in the urine of 16 workers exposed to cobalt oxide in a Digital Video Cassette manufacturing plant at the beginning and end of their workshift during 2 working cycles. In the second study, we measured the exposure level to cobalt oxide and the cobalt concentration in urine at the end of the workshift of other 16 workers on 3 out of 5 consecutive work days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday). Four workers among the 16 participated twice. In the first study, the cobalt concentration in the urine increased about 1.5-3 fold during each workshift and then tended to decrease rapidly to the control value before the next workshift. In the second study, we examined the relationship between air and urine concentration using 22 samples after excluding data from workers with dust respirators. Comparing the air and urine concentrations for samples under 30 ug/cu m (n = 20), a significant correlation was found (r = 0.76). These results indicate that most of the inhaled cobalt oxide was excreted rapidly, and a good relationship was found between air and urine concentrations at the end of the workshift when the exposure level was under 30 ug/cu m. Therefore, the cobalt concentration in urine at the end of a workshift can be used as an indicator of one-day exposure to cobalt oxide when the exposure is low level.
The 24-hr deposition and clearence in hamsters exposed by inhalation and gavage to CoO showed that 87% was distributed throughout the body form an inhaled dose of 784 ug and 11.3%, form a 5-mg dose by gavage. The greatest amounts from both routes (60 and 11% respectively) remained in the gastrointestinal tract. The carcass retained the next largest amounts, 23% from inhalation and 0.34% by gavage; the lung, 3.3% by inhalation and less than 0.06 by gavage. The liver and kidneys had small fractional percentages of the administered dose.
Three beagle dogs were exposed to 60Co3O4 /cobaltosic oxide/ and sacrificed singly at 8, 64 and 128 days. Three beagle dogs were exposed to 60CoO /cobaltous oxide/ and sacrificed at 8, 16 and 64 days after exposure. Whole-body retention patterns showed that 60CoO left the body with a shorter effective half life than 60Co3O4. The concentration of 60Co detected in the blood was at least an order of magnitude higher in the dogs exposed to 60CoO than in the dogs exposed to 60Co3O4. Cobalt-60 translocated from the lung accumulated predominantly in the kidney, liver, skeleton and cartilagenous structures such as the trachea. Higher concentrations were reached earlier in the dogs exposed to 60CoO. After early fecal excretion of material deposited in the upper respiratory tract, excretion was greatest via the urine. The higher solubility of the 60CoO formed at 1400 °C relative to 60Co3O4 formed at 850 °C is noteworthy considering that generally aerosols formed at higher temperatures are more insoluble than aerosols formed at lower temperatures /Cobaltosic and cobaltous oxides/.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
从尿液中处理氧化钴的钴浓度：平均值：0.34毫克/升；范围：0.1-0.9毫克/升 /来自表格/
Cobalt concentration from processing cobalt oxide in urine: mean: 0.34 mg/L; range: 0.1-0.9 mg/L /From table/
A process for the carboxylation and/or alkoxycarbonylation of olefins with carbon monoxide and water or alcohol in the presence of cobalt carbonyl catalyst and also vinyl pyridine together with pyridine and/or alkyl pyridine, is disclosed.
METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF HIGH PURITY,CRYSTALLINE COBALT NITRATE FROM SPENT COBALT/SILICA CATALYST
申请人：Wuhan Kaidi Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.
公开号：US20140377153A1
公开（公告）日：2014-12-25
A method for preparing crystalline cobalt nitrate. The method includes: 1) calcining a spent Co/SiO
2
catalyst, cooling the calcined material to room temperature, and grinding it to yield a powder; 2) heating the powder in a fluidized bed reactor; 3) adding the heated powder into excess dilute nitric acid solution and filtering to obtain a cobalt nitrate solution; 4) adjusting the pH value of the cobalt nitrate solution to 1.5, adding a preheated oxalic acid solution, adjusting a pH value of the resulting solution to 1.5, immediately filtering the resulting solution to yield a precipitate of cobalt oxalate, washing the precipitate of cobalt oxalate to yield a neutral filtrate; 5) drying the precipitate and calcining to yield cobalt oxide; 6) dissolving the cobalt oxide in nitric acid to yield a second cobalt nitrate solution; and 7) evaporating the second cobalt nitrate solution to obtain crystalline cobalt nitrate.
Method for preparation of high purity, crystalline cobalt nitrate from spent cobalt/silica catalyst
申请人：Wuhan Kaidi Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.
公开号：US08986644B2
公开（公告）日：2015-03-24
A method for preparing crystalline cobalt nitrate. The method includes: 1) calcining a spent Co/SiO2 catalyst, cooling the calcined material to room temperature, and grinding it to yield a powder; 2) heating the powder in a fluidized bed reactor; 3) adding the heated powder into excess dilute nitric acid solution and filtering to obtain a cobalt nitrate solution; 4) adjusting the pH value of the cobalt nitrate solution to 1.5, adding a preheated oxalic acid solution, adjusting a pH value of the resulting solution to 1.5, immediately filtering the resulting solution to yield a precipitate of cobalt oxalate, washing the precipitate of cobalt oxalate to yield a neutral filtrate; 5) drying the precipitate and calcining to yield cobalt oxide; 6) dissolving the cobalt oxide in nitric acid to yield a second cobalt nitrate solution; and 7) evaporating the second cobalt nitrate solution to obtain crystalline cobalt nitrate.
The microwave spectrum of cobalt monoxide: Hyperfine interactions in the X 4Δ state
作者：Kei-ichi C. Namiki、Shuji Saito
DOI：10.1063/1.1370951
日期：2001.6
The rotational spectrum of CoO in the 4Δ ground state was observed using a source-modulated submillimeter-wave spectrometer. A direct current sputtering method using cobalt powder placed in the hollow cathode electrode was used to generate the CoO radical in an atmosphere of oxygen and helium. In total 84 spectral lines were precisely measured in the frequency region of 255–465 GHz for eight rotational
