砷化铝 | 22831-42-1

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 氧化物和过氧化物 - 金属氧化物
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 类金属盐
• 中文名称: 砷化铝
• 英文名称: Aluminum;arsenic
• CAS: 22831-42-1
• 化学式: AlAs
• 分子量: 101.90313
• InChiKey: MDPILPRLPQYEEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  1740°C
• 密度：
  3.81
• 暴露限值：
  ACGIH: TWA 0.01 mg/m3NIOSH: IDLH 5 mg/m3; Ceiling 0.002 mg/m3
• 稳定性/保质期：

  如果遵照规格使用和储存，则不会分解。避免接触酸。介电常数为10.3，禁带宽度为2.13eV（22℃）。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.76
• 重原子数：
  2
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

砒霜主要通过吸入或摄入被吸收，较少程度上通过皮肤暴露。然后它被分布到全身，如果需要，它会被还原成亚砷酸盐，然后通过砷酸盐甲基转移酶甲基化成单甲基砷（MMA）和二甲砷酸（DMA）。砒霜及其代谢物主要通过尿液排出。已知砒霜可以诱导金属结合蛋白金属硫蛋白，通过结合砒霜和其他金属并使它们生物学上不活跃，以及充当抗氧化剂，从而减少砒霜和其他金属的有毒效果。铝在口服或吸入暴露后吸收不良，基本上不通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用率受到铝化合物的影响以及可以与铝形成复合物并增强或抑制其吸收的饮食成分的存在。铝与血液中的各种配体结合并分布到每个器官，在骨骼和肺组织中浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同形式：作为自由离子，作为低分子量复合物，作为物理结合的大分子复合物和作为共价结合的大分子复合物。吸收的铝主要通过尿液排出，较少程度上通过胆汁排出，而未吸收的铝通过粪便排出。（L739, L20）

Arsenic is absorbed mainly by inhalation or ingestion, as to a lesser extent, dermal exposure. It is then distributed throughout the body, where it is reduced into arsenite if necessary, then methylated into monomethylarsenic (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) by arsenite methyltransferase. Arsenic and its metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine. Arsenic is known to induce the metal-binding protein metallothionein, which decreases the toxic effects of arsenic and other metals by binding them and making them biologically inactive, as well as acting as an antioxidant. Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739, L20)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

砷及其代谢物通过多种机制干扰ATP的产生。在柠檬酸循环层面，砷抑制了丙酮酸脱氢酶，并通过与磷酸竞争，解偶联氧化磷酸化，从而抑制了与能量相关的NAD+还原、线粒体呼吸和ATP合成。过氧化氢的产生也增加了，这可能会形成活性氧物种和氧化应激。砷的致癌性受到砷与微管蛋白结合的影响，这会导致非整倍体、多倍体和有丝分裂停滞。其他砷蛋白靶点的结合也可能导致DNA修复酶活性改变、DNA甲基化模式改变和细胞增殖。铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并妨碍胃肠道对磷的吸收。磷酸盐体内负担的减少导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨质疏松）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学和随后的竞争性相互作用而干扰必需微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。铝还可以与雌激素受体相互作用，增加雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进乳腺癌的进展。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739，A235，A236，T1，A17）

Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Arsenic's carginogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. Aluminum can also interact with estrogen receptors, increasing the expression of estrogen-related genes and contributing to the progression of breast cancer. Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236, T1, A17)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

砒霜中毒可能导致多系统器官衰竭而死亡，可能是由于坏死的细胞死亡，而非凋亡。砒霜也是一种已知的致癌物，特别是在皮肤癌、肝癌、膀胱癌和肺癌中。铝针对神经系统，导致神经系统功能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。铝在体内的积累可能导致骨骼或脑部疾病。高水平的铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，接触或摄入含铝产品后会出现接触性皮炎、消化系统疾病、呕吐或其他症状。(L739, L740, T1, L20)

Arsenic poisoning can lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. Arsenic is also a known carcinogen, esepcially in skin, liver, bladder and lung cancers. Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740, T1, L20)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L2）；吸入（L2）；皮肤（L2）

Oral (L2) ; inhalation (L2) ; dermal (L2)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

暴露于较低水平的砷可以导致恶心和呕吐，减少红白细胞的生产，心律异常以及血管损伤。

Exposure to lower levels of arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, and damage to blood vessels.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  6.1
• 危险品标志：
  N,T
• 安全说明：
  S20/21,S28,S45,S60,S61
• 危险类别码：
  R23/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN1557
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  6.1

制备方法与用途

砷化铝

砷化铝是一种橘黄色晶体，具有闪锌矿结构，其晶格常数类似于砷化镓。它属于等轴晶系，熔点为943℃，容易潮解且有毒，在酸中溶解时会产生砷化氢气体。

应用

砷化铝常用作光谱分析试剂和制备电子组件的原料，也是一种新型半导体材料。

制备方法

一种高效制备高纯砷化铝的方法采用气相沉积法。具体步骤如下：

1. 以氩气为保护气体，将三氯化铝和三氯化砷按摩尔质量比1:1～1.5:1取料，分别置于第一挥发室和第二挥发室中，在300～900℃条件下加热挥发0.5小时～12小时，使两种物料都处于蒸汽状态。

2. 通过喷嘴将两个挥发室中的三氯化铝和三氯化砷蒸汽分别通过第一喷嘴和第二喷嘴同时喷入一个钛材反应室内，在300～900℃条件下反应2小时～5小时，气相沉积生成沉积物。剩余挥发气体在常温下加压至600～700kPa或在常压下冷却到-34℃得到液氯。

3. 将所得沉积物加热挥发2小时～12小时，加热温度为300～900℃、压力为0.5～100KPa，除去残余的氯，冷却后即可得到纯度大于99.9%的橘黄色砷化铝晶体。

第一挥发室和第二挥发室可采用现有技术的金属加热设备如侧吹式电炉，在电炉风眼连接对向反应室的喷嘴。反应室也可使用电加热炉进行气相沉积，剩余挥发气体从反应室引出，在常温下加压至600～700kPa或在常压下冷却到-34℃得到液氯。

反应信息

• 作为产物：
  描述：

  砷化氢 、 三乙基铝 生成 砷化铝
  参考文献：
  名称：

  KABAYASI, NAOKI;MAKIMOTO, TOSIKI;XORIKOSI, JOSIXARU

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• MORI, KADZUO
  作者：MORI, KADZUO

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• ZHMAKIN, A. I.;KADINSKIJ, L. A.;MAKAROV, YU. N.;SUBASHIEVA, E. A., TEPLOMASSOOBMEN-MMF: MINS. MEZHDUNAR. FORUM, 24-27 MAYA, 1988, MINSK,(198+
  作者：ZHMAKIN, A. I.、KADINSKIJ, L. A.、MAKAROV, YU. N.、SUBASHIEVA, E. A.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• MAKIMOTO, TOSIKI;XORIKOSI, IOSIDZI
  作者：MAKIMOTO, TOSIKI、XORIKOSI, IOSIDZI

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• HASEGAWA FUMIO; YAMAMOTO TADASHI; KATAYAMA KOJI; NANNICHI YASUO, J. ELECTROCHEM. SOC., 136,(1987) N 6, 1548-1553
  作者：HASEGAWA FUMIO、 YAMAMOTO TADASHI、 KATAYAMA KOJI、 NANNICHI YASUO

  DOI：——

  日期：——