硒化铅(2+) | 12069-00-0

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 硫族化合物
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 各种混合金属/非金属
• 中文名称: 硒化铅(2+)
• 中文别名: 硒化铅；硒化铅(II)
• 英文名称: Lead;selenium
• 英文别名: lead;selenium
• CAS: 12069-00-0；1314-90-5
• 化学式: PbSe
• 分子量: 286.16
• InChiKey: GGYFMLJDMAMTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  1088°C
• 密度：
  8.1 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
• 溶解度：
  不溶于水；溶于HNO3
• 暴露限值：
  ACGIH: TWA 0.05 mg/m3; TWA 0.2 mg/m3NIOSH: IDLH 1 mg/m3; IDLH 100 mg/m3; TWA 0.2 mg/m3; TWA 0.050 mg/m3

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.76
• 重原子数：
  2
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

铅通过吸入、口服和皮肤接触被吸收，然后主要分布到骨骼和红细胞中。在血液中，铅可能被发现与血清白蛋白或金属结合蛋白金属lothionein结合。有机铅通过细胞色素P-450酶代谢，而无机铅则与δ-氨基酮酸脱水酶形成复合物。铅主要通过尿液和粪便排出。硒可以通过吸入和摄入被吸收，而一些硒化合物也可能通过皮肤吸收。一旦进入体内，硒主要分布到肝脏和肾脏。硒是必需的微量元素，是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、碘甲状腺原氨酸5'-脱碘酶和硫氧还蛋白还原酶的组成部分。有机硒首先代谢为无机硒。无机硒逐步还原为中间体氢硒化物，然后转化为硒磷酸和硒半胱氨酸tRNA后并入硒蛋白，或者转化为硒化物的甲基化代谢物后排入尿液中。元素硒在排泄前也会甲基化。硒主要通过尿液和粪便排出，但某些硒化合物也可能通过呼吸排出。

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. Selenium may be absorbed through inhalation and ingestion, while some selenium compounds may also be absorbed dermally. Once in the body, selenium is distributed mainly to the liver and kidney. Selenium is an essential micronutrient and is a component of glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine 5'-deiodinases, and thioredoxin reductase. Organic selenium is first metabolized into inorganic selenium. Inorganic selenium is reduced stepwise to the intermediate hydrogen selenide, which is either incorporated into selenoproteins after being transformed to selenophosphate and selenocysteinyl tRNA or excreted into the urine after being transformed into methylated metabolites of selenide. Elemental selenium is also methylated before excretion. Selenium is primarily eliminated in the urine and feces, but certain selenium compounds may also be exhaled. (L619, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铅模仿其他生物学上重要的金属，如锌、钙和铁，作为许多它们各自酶促反应的辅助因子与之竞争。例如，铅已被证明能竞争性地抑制钙与钙调蛋白的结合，干扰神经递质的释放。它还在NMDA受体和蛋白激酶C上表现出类似的竞争性抑制，这损害了大脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变了血脑屏障。铅还通过影响多巴胺合成的调节和阻止乙酰胆碱的诱发释放来影响神经系统。然而，铅的主要作用机制是通过抑制δ-氨基-戊酸脱水酶，这是生物合成血红素的关键酶，而血红素是血红蛋白必需的辅助因子。硒能够轻易地替代生物分子中的硫，并在许多生化反应中发挥作用，尤其是在硒的浓度高而硫的浓度低时。通过影响线粒体和微粒体电子传输，使细胞呼吸中氧化反应所需的巯基酶失活，这可能是急性硒中毒的一个因素。硒代甲硫氨酸（一种常见的有机硒化合物）似乎也能在蛋白质合成中随机替代甲硫氨酸。这种替代可能会影响蛋白质的结构和功能性，例如，通过改变二硫键。无机形式的硒似乎通过氧化还原催化与组织巯基反应，产生活性氧种，并通过氧化应激造成损害。（L619, T4, A20, A22, L136）

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Selenium readily substitutes for sulfur in biomolecules and in many biochemical reactions, especially when the concentration of selenium is high and the concentration of sulfur is low. Inactivation of the sulfhydryl enzymes necessary for oxidative reactions in cellular respiration, through effects on mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport, might contribute to acute selenium toxicity. Selenomethionine (a common organic selenium compound) also appears to randomly substitute for methionine in protein synthesis. This substitution may affect the structure and functionability of the protein, for example, by altering disulfide bridges. Inorganic forms of selenium appear to react with tissue thiols by redox catalysis, resulting in formation of reactive oxygen species and causing damage by oxidative stress. (L619, T4, A20, A22, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

2A，可能对人类致癌。（L135）

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铅是一种神经毒素，已知会导致大脑损伤和认知能力下降，特别是在儿童中。铅暴露可能导致肾病，以及如高血压和贫血等血液疾病。铅还表现出生殖毒性，可能导致流产和精子生成减少。长期口服高浓度的硒化合物会产生一种称为硒中毒的疾病。硒中毒的主要症状包括脱发、指甲变脆和神经系统异常（如四肢麻木和其他奇怪的感觉）。动物研究显示，硒也可能影响精子生成和女性生殖周期。

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. Chronic oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds can produce a disease called selenosis. The major signs of selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations in the extremities). Animal studies have shown that selenium may also affect sperm production and the female reproductive cycle. (L619, L21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L136）；吸入（L136）；皮肤给药（L136）

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136) ; dermal (L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

慢性铅中毒的症状包括认知能力下降、恶心、腹痛、易怒、失眠、口中金属味、过度乏力或过度活跃、胸痛、头痛，在极端情况下还可能发生癫痫、昏迷和死亡。还伴有胃肠道问题，如便秘、腹泻、呕吐、食欲不振、体重减轻，这些在急性中毒中较为常见。短期口服高浓度硒可能导致恶心、呕吐和腹泻。短时间暴露于高浓度的元素硒或二氧化硒空气中可能导致呼吸道刺激、支气管炎、呼吸困难以及胃痛。长期暴露于这些空气传播形式可能会导致呼吸道刺激、支气管痉挛和咳嗽。（L619, A2, L21）

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Brief exposures to high levels of elemental selenium or selenium dioxide in air can result in respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing, and stomach pains. Longer-term exposure to either of these air-borne forms can cause respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing. (L619, A2, L21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  6.1(a)
• 危险品标志：
  Xn,T,N
• 安全说明：
  S22,S26,S28,S36/37/39,S45
• 危险类别码：
  R61,R33,R20/22,R50/53,R60,R23/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  28429090
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3288
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  6.1(a)
• 危险标志：
  GHS06,GHS08,GHS09
• 危险性描述：
  H301 + H331,H302 + H332,H360Df,H373,H410
• 危险性防范说明：
  P201,P260,P280,P304 + P340 + P312,P308 + P313

制备方法与用途

类别：有毒物品
毒性分级：剧毒
可燃性危险特性：不燃；受热或遇酸会释放剧毒硒化氢气体
储运特性：库房需通风、低温和干燥，与酸类及食品分开储存和运输
灭火剂：二氧化碳、干粉或砂土