ZINC potassium chromate | 37224-57-0

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 各种混合金属/非金属
• 英文名称: ZINC potassium chromate
• 英文别名: potassium;dizinc;dioxido(dioxo)chromium;hydroxide
• CAS: 37224-57-0；11103-86-9
• 化学式: Cr2HO9Zn2K
• 分子量: 418.9
• InChiKey: GQKCRUJOPUHISR-UHFFFAOYSA-M

物化性质

• 物理描述：
  Zinc potassium chromate appears as a greenish-yellow odorless solid. used as a pigment Denser than water. Toxic by ingestion. Commonly but mistakenly called zinc chromate.
• 颜色/状态：
  Yellow powder
• 气味：
  Odorless
• 熔点：
  Decomposes at about 500 °C
• 溶解度：
  In water at 20 °C, 0.5 g/L at pH 6, 1.5 g/L at pH 9
• 密度：
  3.40 to 3.60 (USCG, 1999)
• 自燃温度：
  400 °C (layer); 580 °C (cloud) /Basic potassium zinc chromate/
• 分解：
  When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /zinc oxide and dipotassium oxide/.

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -8.41
• 重原子数：
  14
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  162
• 氢给体数：
  1
• 氢受体数：
  9

ADMET

代谢

锌可以通过肺部、皮肤和胃肠途径进入人体。肠道对锌的吸收由锌载体蛋白CRIP控制。锌还与金属硫蛋白结合，帮助防止过量锌的吸收。锌在体内广泛分布，存在于所有组织和组织液中，尤其在肝脏、胃肠道、肾脏、皮肤、肺、大脑、心脏和胰腺中含量较高。在血液中，锌存在于红细胞中的碳酸酐酶结合形式，以及血浆中的白蛋白、α2-巨球蛋白和氨基酸结合形式。白蛋白和氨基酸结合的锌可以扩散穿过组织膜。锌通过尿液和粪便排出体外。铬通过口服、吸入或皮肤接触被吸收，并分布到几乎所有组织中，肾脏和肝脏中的浓度最高。骨骼也是主要的储存场所，可能对长期保留有贡献。六价铬与硫酸盐和铬酸盐的相似性使其能够通过硫酸盐转运机制进入细胞。在细胞内，六价铬首先被许多物质如抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和烟酸腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原为五价铬，然后进一步还原为三价铬。铬几乎全部通过尿液排出体外。（A12, L16, L49）

Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16, L49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别和使用：锌钾铬酸是一种绿色到黄色的粉末。锌铬酸盐主要用于金属底漆，它们为金属提供防腐蚀保护。人体暴露和毒性：对一家生产锌铬酸漆的挪威公司的一小组男性工人进行了研究。他们发现了3例支气管癌病例（41岁、51岁和59岁的工人），在观察期间总共预期只有0.079例。作者指出，这三位患者接触了大约0.5到1.5毫克/立方米铬酸锌粉尘六到九年。三例癌症中有两例发生在吸烟者身上。还有一例是在接触了总共3个月的男性身上发现的鼻癌。对两家大型飞机维修设施的喷漆工和电镀工进行了研究。喷漆工中呼吸道癌症的相对超额（观察到的21例与预期的11.4例）在统计学上是有意义的。使用锌底漆的飞机工人中铬皮炎的发生率估计在0.1-0.6%之间。动物研究：报告了在支气管植入涂有锌钾铬酸的不锈钢珠的大鼠中，肺鳞状细胞癌的发生率增加。锌铬酸盐增强了叙利亚仓鼠胚胎细胞通过猿腺病毒SA7的病毒转化。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zinc potassium chromate is a green-to-yellow powder. Zinc chromates are employed primarily in priming paints used for metals, for which they provide resistance against corrosion. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A small cohort of Norwegian male workers /were studied/ from a company which produced zinc chromate paint. They found 3 cases of bronchial carcinoma (in workers aged 41, 51, and 59) where only 0.079 was expected for the total period of observation. The authors indicated that the three cases had six to nine years of exposure to zinc chromate dust levels of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mg Cr/cu m. Two of the three carcinomas were found in smokers. There was also one case of nasal cancer in a man with a total of 3 month of exposure. Zinc chromate spray painters and electroplaters at two large aircraft maintenance facilities were studied. The relative excess for respiratory cancer among spray painters (21 observed vs 11.4 expected) was statistically significant. Incidence of chrome dermatitis has been estimated at widely varying levels 0.1-0.6 % in aircraft workers using zinc primer paint. ANIMAL STUDIES: An increased incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung in rats subjected to bronchial implants of stainless steel pellets coated with zinc potassium chromate was reported. Zinc chromates enhanced the viral transformation of Syrian hamster secondary embryo cells by simian adenovirus SA7.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

缺铁性贫血是由于锌的过量吸收抑制了铜和铁的吸收，这很可能是通过肠道粘膜细胞的竞争性结合实现的。铜和锌与铜锌超氧化物歧化酶的不平衡水平与肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）有关。胃酸溶解金属锌生成腐蚀性的氯化锌，这可能会损害胃粘膜。金属烟雾热被认为是对吸入锌的免疫反应。六价铬的致癌效果是由其代谢物五价和三价铬引起的。DNA损伤可能是由五价铬通过细胞内过氧化氢分子再氧化过程中产生的羟基自由基引起的。三价铬还可能与肽、蛋白质和DNA形成复合物，导致DNA-蛋白质交联、DNA链断裂、DNA-DNA链间交联、铬-DNA加合物、染色体畸变和细胞信号通路改变。已经证明，它通过过度刺激细胞调节通路并激活某些丝裂原活化蛋白激酶来增加过氧化氢水平，从而诱导癌变。它还可以通过将组蛋白去乙酰化酶1-DNA甲基转移酶1复合物与CYP1A1启动子染色质交联，抑制组蛋白修饰，从而引起转录抑制。铬可能会通过修饰金属调节转录因子1来增加自身的毒性，从而抑制锌诱导的金属硫蛋白转录。（A12，L16，A34，A35，A36，L48，L49，A49）

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, L48, L49, A49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A1; 确认的人类致癌物。/铬酸锌，以Cr表示/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

证据权重特征：根据当前指南（1986年），六价铬被归类为A组——已知的人类通过吸入途径的致癌物。通过口服途径的致癌性无法确定，被归类为D组。在拟议的指南（1996年）下，六价铬将被定性为通过吸入途径的已知人类致癌物，基于以下原因。已知六价铬通过吸入途径在人类中具有致癌性。对接触铬的工人进行的职业流行病学研究结果在不同的研究者和研究人群之间是一致的。已经建立了铬暴露与肺癌的剂量-反应关系。接触铬的工人既接触到三价铬也接触到六价铬化合物。然而，只有六价铬在动物研究中被发现具有致癌性，因此得出结论，只有六价铬应该被归类为人类致癌物。动物数据与六价铬的人类致癌性数据一致。六价铬化合物在动物生物分析中具有致癌性，产生以下肿瘤类型：大鼠和小鼠的肌肉内注射部位肿瘤，各种六价铬化合物在大鼠的胸膜内植入部位肿瘤，各种六价铬化合物在大鼠的支气管内植入部位肿瘤，以及大鼠的皮下注射部位肉瘤。体外数据提示六价铬致癌性的潜在作用模式。六价铬的致癌性可能是由于细胞内还原为三价形式后形成致突变氧化DNA损伤。六价铬容易通过细胞膜并迅速在细胞内还原，生成反应性Cr(V)和Cr(IV)中间体和活性氧种类。在六价铬还原过程中形成多种潜在的致突变DNA损伤。六价铬在细菌分析、酵母和V79细胞中具有致突变性，六价铬化合物在体外降低DNA合成的准确性，并因DNA损伤产生非计划性DNA合成。铬酸盐已经证明能够转化原代细胞和细胞系。 人类致癌性数据：职业接触铬化合物已经在铬酸盐生产、镀铬、铬颜料、铁铬生产、金矿开采、皮革鞣制和铬合金生产行业中得到研究。铬酸盐行业的工人接触三价和六价铬化合物。对日本、英国、西德和美国的铬酸盐生产厂进行的流行病学研究揭示了职业接触铬与肺癌之间的相关性，但没有确定导致癌症的具体铬形态……对铬颜料工人的研究一致表明，职业接触铬（主要是Cr(VI)）与肺癌有关。对镀铬行业进行的几项研究已经证明了癌症与接触铬化合物之间的正相关关系。 动物致癌性数据：动物数据与六价铬的人类流行病学研究结果一致……/六价铬/

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

评估：有足够的人类证据表明六价铬化合物具有致癌性。六价铬化合物可导致肺癌。此外，还观察到与四价铬化合物暴露与鼻癌和鼻窦癌之间存在正相关关系。有足够的实验动物证据表明六价铬化合物具有致癌性。六价铬化合物对人类具有致癌性（第1组）。/六价铬化合物/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium(IV) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Chromium(VI) compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

制备方法与用途

类别：有毒物品

可燃性危险特性：

• 不可燃烧；
• 火场会产生含有铬、锌以及氧化钾的有毒烟雾。

储运特性：

• 应存放在低温、通风和干燥的库房内。

灭火剂：

• 可使用水、二氧化碳、干粉或泡沫进行灭火。