ACGIH: TWA 2.5 mg/m3NIOSH: IDLH 250 mg/m3; TWA 2.5 mg/m3
LogP:
-6.01 at 20℃
物理描述:
Ammonium fluorosilicate appears as a white crystalline solid. Noncombustible. Corrodes aluminum. Used as a disinfectant, in etching glass, metal casting, and electroplating.
颜色/状态:
CRYSTALLINE POWDER
气味:
ODORLESS
分解:
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride/, ammonia, and nitroxides.
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 m1 of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who Is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's to support vital signs if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: A. Ingestion of soluble fluoride salts. 1. Salty or soapy taste, salivation, nausea. Repeated small doses (as in drinking water) may produce no other symptoms, but polyuria and polydipsia have also been reported. 2. Large doses lead promptly to burning or crampy abdominal pain, intense vomiting and diarrhea, often with hematemesis and melena. Dehydration and thirst. 3. Muscle weakness, tremors, and rarely transient epileptiform convulsions, preceded or followed by progressive central nervous depression (lethargy, coma and respiratory arrest, even in the absence of circulatory failure). 4. Shock characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse (sometimes irregular), shallow unlabored respiration, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis, anuria, dilated pupils, followed almost invariably by death in 2 to 4 hours. 5. Even in the absence of shock, arrhythmias may occur, especially multiple episodes of ventricular fibrillation leading eventually to cardiac arrest. 6. If the victim survives a few hours, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, carpopedal spasm, and painful spasms of the extremities. 7. Occasionally localized or generalized urticaria. 8. The above signs and symptoms are related to a variety of metabolic disorders that may occur in acute fluoride poisoning, including hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic and/or respiratory acidosis and sometimes hyperkalemia. /Fluoride/
INITIAL SYMPTOMS FROM INGESTION INCLUDE ... SALIVATION, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, VOMITING, AND DIARRHEA ARE FREQUENT. ... THE PATIENT SHOWS SIGNS OF INCR IRRITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ... HYPOCALCEMIA & HYPOGLYCEMIA ARE FREQUENT LAB FINDINGS. ... BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS ... DUE TO CENTRAL VASOMOTOR DEPRESSION AS WELL AS DIRECT TOXIC ACTION ON CARDIAC MUSCLE. THE RESPIRATORY CENTER IS FIRST STIMULATED & LATER DEPRESSED. DEATH ... FROM EITHER RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS OR CARDIAC FAILURE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES EXAMINED. ... THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT IT IS CONCENTRATED IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE, THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN THE SKELETON & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE. ... A FUNCTION OF THE TURNOVER RATE OF SKELETAL COMPONENTS, WITH GROWING BONE SHOWING GREATER FLUORIDE DEPOSITION THAN BONE IN MATURE ANIMALS. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF ... EXCRETION IS BY WAY OF KIDNEYS ... ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT BY SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & GI TRACT. ... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/
/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS ULTRAFILTERABLE. 2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION & VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3. PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE ... 4. FLUORIDE EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
IN FEMALE RATS, THE SKELETONS OF YOUNGER RATS APPARENTLY ARE MORE EFFICIENT AT REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM CIRCULATION THAN ARE THOSE OF OLDER RATS. /SODIUM FLUORIDE/
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concn in soft tissues fall to exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchanges with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concn of fluoride tends to approximate the concn of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be an important route of fluoride excretion. The concn of fluoride retained in bones and teeth is a function of both the concn of fluoride intake and the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride concn will decrease to a concn that is again reflective of intake. /Fluoride/
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989