Kinetics and equilibrium of the olefin-promoted interconversion of n-butyryl- and isobutyrylcobalt tetracarbonyl. The aldehyde isomer ratio in the cobalt-catalyzed olefin hydroformylation
作者:Mihail S. Borovikov、Istvan Kovacs、Ferenc Ungvary、Attila Sisak、Laszlo Marko
DOI:10.1021/om00040a030
日期:1992.4
The interconversion of n-butyrylcobalt tetracarbonyl (1) and isobutyrylcobalt tetracarbonyl (2) is catalyzed by ethene, propene, or 1-heptene. The equilibrium constant, K = [1]/[2], is 1.32 +/- 0.03 (25-degrees-C), 1.38 +/- 0.02 (45-degrees-C), 1.44 +/- 0.03 (65-degrees-C), and 1.50 +/- 0.02 (85-degrees-C), which gives DELTA-H = 0.47 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol and DELTA-S = 2.13 +/- 0.60 cal/(mol K). The rate of the interconversion is first order with respect to both 1 (or 2) and olefin and is negative second order with respect to carbon monoxide. The rate constants for the conversion of 2 to 1 in the presence of 1-heptene are (8.06 +/- 0.15) x 10(-10) M s-1 (25-degrees-C), (7.85 +/- 0.17) x 10(-9) M s-1 (35-degrees-C), and (6.49 +/- 0.20) x 10(-8) M s-1 (45-degrees-C), which give E(a) = 41.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol. These data suggest that the aldehyde isomer ratio in the commercially important cobalt-catalyzed propene hydroformylation is mainly determined by the rate of isomerization of 1 to 2, which depends dramatically on the partial pressure of carbon monoxide and on the temperature. Thus, at low P(CO), where the rate of acyl isomerization is fast and comparable with the rate of acyl reduction, the 1.6 n/iso ratio of the butyrldehydes (110-degrees-C, P(CO) = 2.5 bar) reflects closely the equilibrium isomer ratio of the precursor butyrylcobalt tetracarbonyls. On the other hand, at high P(CO), where the acyl isomerization is almost completely suppressed, the 4.4 n/iso butyraldehyde isomer ratio (110-degrees-C, P(CO) = 90 bar) is the result of the reduction of an acylcobalt isomer mixture that consists mainly of n-butyrylcobalt tetracarbonyl, the kinetically favored acylcobalt product.