代谢
铜主要通过胃肠道吸收，但也可以通过吸入和皮肤吸收。它通过基底外侧膜，可能是通过调节铜转运蛋白，并与血清白蛋白结合被运输到肝脏和肾脏。肝脏是铜稳态的关键器官。在肝脏和其他组织中，铜以与金属硫蛋白、氨基酸以及与依赖铜的酶结合的形式储存，然后分配通过胆汁排泄或并入细胞内和细胞外蛋白中。铜通过血浆中与血清白蛋白、铜蓝蛋白或低分子量复合物结合被运输到外周组织。铜可能诱导金属硫蛋白和铜蓝蛋白的产生。膜结合的铜转运腺苷三磷酸酶（Cu-ATPase）将铜离子输送到细胞内和细胞外。生理上正常的铜水平通过改变铜的吸收速率和量、分布区域以及排泄来维持恒定。磷化氢和金属磷化物可能在摄入或吸入后被吸收，然后分布到神经系统、肝脏和肾脏。在体内，金属磷化物被水解成磷化氢，磷化氢被氧化成亚磷酸盐和磷酸盐。代谢物通过尿液排出，而未改变的磷化氢则通过呼吸排出。(L982, L277, L279)
Copper is mainly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, but it can also be inhalated and absorbed dermally. It passes through the basolateral membrane, possibly via regulatory copper transporters, and is transported to the liver and kidney bound to serum albumin. The liver is the critical organ for copper homoeostasis. In the liver and other tissues, copper is stored bound to metallothionein, amino acids, and in association with copper-dependent enzymes, then partitioned for excretion through the bile or incorporation into intra- and extracellular proteins. The transport of copper to the peripheral tissues is accomplished through the plasma attached to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin or low-molecular-weight complexes. Copper may induce the production of metallothionein and ceruloplasmin. The membrane-bound copper transporting adenosine triphosphatase (Cu-ATPase) transports copper ions into and out of cells. Physiologically normal levels of copper in the body are held constant by alterations in the rate and amount of copper absorption, compartmental distribution, and excretion. Phosphine and metal phosphides may be absorbed following ingestion or inhalation, then distribute to the nervous system, liver, and kidney. In the body, metal phosphides are hydrolysed to phosphine, and phosphine is oxidized to hypophosphite and phosphite. Metabolites are excreted in the urine, while unchanged phosphine is exhaled. (L982, L277, L279)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
