Decelerating Effect of Alkenes in the Oxidative Addition of Phenyl Iodide to Palladium(0) Complexes in Heck Reactions
摘要:
In DMF, the oxidative addition of PhI to Pd-0(PPh3)(4) or to the anionic Pd-0(PPh3)(3)(OAc)(-) is slower in the presence of an alkene (styrene, methyl acrylate). Indeed, the concentration of the reactive Pd-0(PPh3)(2) or PdO(PPh3)(2)(OAc)(-) complex decreases because of its coordination to the alkene to form the unreactive (eta(2)-CH2=CHR)Pd-0(PPh3)(2) (R = Ph, CO2Me) or (eta(2)-CH2= CHPh)Pd-0(PPh3)(2)(OAc)(-), respectively. As already evidenced in palladium-catalyzed Stille reactions, this work establishes that, in palladium-catalyzed Heck reactions as well, the nucleophile plays a role in the kinetics of the oxidative addition (decelerating effect), as soon as it may coordinate PdO complexes. This is an essential observation, in view of the general belief that the nucleophile enters the catalytic cycle only at the stage of the attack on the aryl-Pd-II complex formed in the oxidative addition. Whenever the oxidative addition is not rate determining, the decelerating effect of the alkene on this reaction is in favor of a higher efficiency of the catalytic cycle.