Chromium lead molybdenum oxide | 12709-98-7

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属有机体
• 英文名称: Chromium lead molybdenum oxide
• 英文别名: chromium(3+);lead(2+);molybdenum;oxygen(2-)
• CAS: 12709-98-7
• 化学式: Cr2Mo2O11Pb2-12
• 分子量: 8.902
• InChiKey: UJSWIHIDDYYLJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -2.08
• 重原子数：
  17
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  11
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  11

ADMET

代谢

铅和铬通过吸入、口服和皮肤接触被吸收，然后主要分布到骨骼和红细胞中。在血液中，铅可能被发现与血清白蛋白或金属结合蛋白金属lothionein结合。有机铅通过细胞色素P-450酶代谢，而无机铅与δ-氨基酮酸脱水酶形成复合物。铅主要通过尿液和粪便排出。铬分布到几乎所有的组织中，肾脏和肝脏中浓度最高。骨骼也是一个主要的储存场所，可能对长期保留有所贡献。六价铬与硫酸盐和铬酸盐的相似性允许它通过硫酸盐转运机制进入细胞。在细胞内，六价铬首先被还原为五价铬，然后通过许多物质，包括抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和烟酸腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原为三价铬。铬几乎全部通过尿液排出。(A12, L16, L136)

Lead and chromium are absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. Chromium distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铅模仿其他在生物学上重要的金属，如锌、钙和铁，竞争性地作为它们许多酶促反应的辅因子。例如，铅已被证明通过竞争性抑制钙与钙调蛋白的结合，干扰神经递质的释放。它还在NMDA受体和蛋白激酶C上表现出类似的竞争性抑制作用，这损害了大脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变了血脑屏障。铅还通过损害多巴胺合成的调节和阻止乙酰胆碱的诱发释放来影响神经系统。然而，其主要作用机制是通过抑制δ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸脱水酶，这是一种在血红素生物合成中至关重要的酶，血红素是血红蛋白必需的辅因子。六价铬的致癌作用是由其代谢物，五价铬和三价铬引起的。DNA损伤可能是由五价铬在细胞中通过过氧化氢分子再氧化时产生的羟基自由基引起的。三价铬还可能与肽、蛋白质和DNA形成复合物，导致DNA-蛋白质交联、DNA链断裂、DNA-DNA链间交联、铬-DNA加合物、染色体畸变和细胞信号通路改变。它已被证明通过过度刺激细胞调节通路并激活某些丝裂原活化蛋白激酶来增加过氧化氢水平，从而诱导癌变。它还可能通过将组蛋白去乙酰化酶1-DNA甲基转移酶1复合物与CYP1A1启动子染色质交联，抑制组蛋白修饰，引起转录抑制。铬可能通过修饰金属调节转录因子1来增加自身的毒性，导致抑制锌诱导的金属硫蛋白转录。(A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, T4, A20, A22, L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, T4, A20, A22, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

2A，可能对人类致癌。（L135）

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铅是一种神经毒素，已知会导致大脑损伤和认知能力下降，尤其是在儿童中。铅暴露可能导致肾病，以及如高血压和贫血等血液疾病。铅还表现出生殖毒性，可能导致流产和减少精子产生。六价铬是一种已知的致癌物。特别是长期吸入与肺癌有关。六价铬还已知会导致生殖和发育缺陷。(A12, L21)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12, L21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L136）；吸入（L136）；皮肤给药（L136）

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

慢性铅中毒的症状包括认知能力下降、恶心、腹痛、易怒、失眠、口中金属味、过度乏力或过度活跃、胸痛、头痛，在极端情况下还可能发生癫痫、昏迷和死亡。还伴有胃肠道问题，如便秘、腹泻、呕吐、食欲不振、体重减轻，这些在急性中毒中常见。吸入六价铬可刺激鼻内衬，导致鼻溃疡、流鼻涕，以及呼吸问题，如哮喘、咳嗽、气短或喘鸣。摄入六价铬会导致胃和小肠的刺激和溃疡，以及贫血。皮肤接触可能导致皮肤溃疡。

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16, A2, L21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

制备方法与用途

类别：氧化剂

可燃性危险特性：

• 不燃
• 火场排出含铅、钼和铬的氧化物，产生辛辣刺激烟雾

储运特性：

• 库房需低温、通风且干燥

灭火剂：

• 水、二氧化碳、干粉或砂土