dimanganese trioxide

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属有机体
• 英文名称: dimanganese trioxide
• 英文别名: manganic oxide；Oxo(oxomanganiooxy)manganese
• 化学式: Mn₂O₃
• 分子量: 157.874
• InChiKey: GEYXPJBPASPPLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.31
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  43.4
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

锰主要通过摄入被吸收，但也可以通过吸入。它会在血浆中与α-2-巨球蛋白、白蛋白或转铁蛋白结合，并分布到大脑和所有其他哺乳动物组织中，尽管它倾向于在肝脏、胰腺和肾脏中积累更多。锰能够存在于多种氧化状态，并且据信在体内会发生氧化状态的变化。锰的氧化状态可以影响组织的毒物动力学行为，甚至可能影响毒性。锰主要通过粪便排出。(L228)

Manganese is absorbed mainly via ingestion, but can also be inhaled. It binds to alpha-2-macroglobulin, albumin, or transferrin in the plasma and is distributed to the brain and all other mammalian tissues, though it tends to accumulate more in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Manganese is capable of existing in a number of oxidation states and is believed to undergo changes in oxidation state within the body. Manganese oxidation state can influence tissue toxicokinetic behavior, and possibly toxicity. Manganese is excreted primarily in the faeces. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

锰是一种细胞毒素，能够损害运输系统、酶活性和受体功能。它主要针对中枢神经系统，尤其是基底神经节中的苍白球。人们认为锰离子Mn(II)增强了各种胞内儿茶酚胺的自动氧化或转换，导致自由基、活性氧物种和其他细胞毒素代谢产物的产生增加，同时细胞抗氧化防御机制的耗尽，导致氧化损伤和选择性地破坏多巴胺能神经元。除了多巴胺，还认为锰会干扰其他神经递质，如GABA和谷氨酸。为了产生氧化损伤，锰必须首先克服抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶。Mn(II)的神经毒性还与其在生理条件下替代Ca(II)的能力有关。它可以通过钙单向转运体进入线粒体并抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化。它还可能抑制Ca(II)的外流，导致线粒体膜完整性的丧失。Mn(II)已被证明能显著抑制线粒体顺乌头酸酶活性，改变氨基酸代谢和细胞铁稳态。(L228)

Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to perturbations other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. In order to produce oxidative damage, manganese must first overwhelm the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

锰主要影响神经系统，可能导致行为改变和其他神经系统效应，包括动作可能变得缓慢和笨拙。这些症状足够严重时，被称为“锰症”。(L228)

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L228）；吸入（L228）

Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228))

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

锰主要影响神经系统，可能导致行为改变和其他神经系统效应，包括动作可能变得缓慢和笨拙。这些症状足够严重时，被称为“锰症”。(L228)

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  lithium carbonate 、 dimanganese trioxide 以 neat (no solvent, solid phase) 为溶剂， 生成 lithium manganese oxide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  [sup 6]Li 和 [sup 7]Li 魔角自旋核磁共振和原位 X 射线衍射研究 Li[sub x]Mn[sub 2]O[sub 4] 在 4 V 下的充放电

  摘要：

  这些共存发生在与两相共存相同的范围内，如在第一次充电循环期间通过 XRD 观察到的。对于在 {ge}90% 充电时分别在 650 和 850more » C 下退火的样品，在 830 和 930 ppm 处观察到共振。在多次充电循环后观察到这些相同的共振，并被指定为具有高锰氧化态的缺陷尖晶石。在 {minus}2 到 {minus}13 ppm 的高碳含量的电极中观察到额外的共振，来自非尖晶石相，其强度随着充电循环次数的增加而增加。缺陷尖晶石和额外杂质相的存在导致这些材料的容量降低。在第一次放电循环期间，通过原位 XRD 观察到三相行为。

  DOI：

  10.1149/1.1393276
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  manganese (II) nitrate tetrahydrate 在 Na₂CO₃ 作用下， 生成 dimanganese trioxide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Study on the Regeneration of Mn₂O₃Catalyst for Simultaneous Abatement of NO_xand SO_x

  摘要：

  A technique to regenerate catalysts used for the simultaneous abatement of NOx and SOx in flue gases was investigated. Formation of sulfate ions on the metal which is an active component of the catalyst was proved to be a poison for the catalysis. The most effective means to remove the sulfate ions on the catalyst is to heat the used catalyst at 300 °C in NH3–water vapor.

  DOI：

  10.1246/bcsj.54.3347

文献信息

• Synthesis and Electrode Properties of Metastable Li[sub 2]Mn[sub 4]O[sub 9−δ] Spinel Oxides
  作者：S. Choi、A. Manthiram

  DOI：10.1149/1.1393408

  日期：——

  Li 2 Mn 4 O 9-δ spinel oxides with 0.36 < δ < 0.46 were synthesized by oxidation of aqueous Mn 2+ with hydrogen peroxide or lithium peroxide in the presence of lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide followed by firing the precursor in air at 300-400°C. Li 2 Mn 4 O 9-δ spinel is metastable and disproportionates at about 500°C to give a lithium-rich spinel Li 1+x Mn 2-x O 4+δ and Mn 2 O 3 . The disproportionation

  Li 2 Mn 4 O 9-δ 尖晶石氧化物具有 0.36 < δ < 0.46 通过在碳酸锂或氢氧化锂存在下用过氧化氢或过氧化锂氧化 Mn 2+ 水溶液，然后在空气中在 300- 400°C。Li 2 Mn 4 O 9-δ 尖晶石在约500°C 是亚稳态的并发生歧化，得到富锂尖晶石Li 1+x Mn 2-x O 4+δ 和Mn 2 O 3 。歧化温度和形成的Mn 2 O 3 杂质的量取决于合成程序和所用的原材料。在基于溶液的氧化过程中使用过氧化锂和氢氧化锂在中间温度下产生最少量的Mn 2 O 3 杂质。然而，富锂尖晶石Li 1+x Mn 2-x O 4+δ 中的x值随着烧成温度的进一步升高而降低，并且在800℃下形成没有Mn 2 O 3 杂质的化学计量尖晶石LiMn 2 O 4 。在 Li y Mn 3-y O 4+δ (0.7 ≤ y ≤ 1.33) 体系中，对于更宽范围的 Li/Mn
• [sup 6]Li and [sup 7]Li Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Charging and Discharging of Li[sub x]Mn[sub 2]O[sub 4] at 4 V
  作者：Young Joo Lee、Francis Wang、Sanjeev Mukerjee、James McBreen、Clare P. Grey

  DOI：10.1149/1.1393276

  日期：——

  sup 6}Li and sup 7}Li magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to study lithium manganate cathode materials (Lisub x}Mnsub 2}Osub 4}, 0 50% charging, from lithium in the tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure, the resonance shifting by no more than 8 ppm in this range (from its original position at ca. 520 ppm). When the

  这些共存发生在与两相共存相同的范围内，如在第一次充电循环期间通过 XRD 观察到的。对于在 ge}90% 充电时分别在 650 和 850more » C 下退火的样品，在 830 和 930 ppm 处观察到共振。在多次充电循环后观察到这些相同的共振，并被指定为具有高锰氧化态的缺陷尖晶石。在 minus}2 到 minus}13 ppm 的高碳含量的电极中观察到额外的共振，来自非尖晶石相，其强度随着充电循环次数的增加而增加。缺陷尖晶石和额外杂质相的存在导致这些材料的容量降低。在第一次放电循环期间，通过原位 XRD 观察到三相行为。
• O2 Structure Li[sub 2∕3][Ni[sub [sub 1∕3]]Mn[sub [sub 2∕3]]]O[sub 2]: A New Layered Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. I. Electrochemical Properties
  作者：J. M. Paulsen、C. L. Thomas、J. R. Dahn

  DOI：10.1149/1.1393283

  日期：——

  Layered Li‐Mn oxide‐based materials with the unconventional O2 structure were prepared by ion exchanging Na for Li in the corresponding P2 structure sodium bronzes, . Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the purity and structure of the phase. The Bragg peaks from can be indexed based on a hexagonal unit cell with dimensions a = 2.8609 A and c = 10.061 A, and the diffraction pattern can

  通过将相应的 P2 结构钠青铜中的钠离子交换为锂，制备了具有非常规 O2 结构的层状 Li-Mn 氧化物基材料。粉末 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 用于确认相的纯度和结构。布拉格峰可以基于尺寸为 a = 2.8609 A 和 c = 10.061 A 的六边形晶胞进行索引，假设原子位于空间群 的 2a 和 2b 位置，衍射图可以近似匹配。然而，初始结构更复杂，因为在这个空间群中禁止观察到一些衍射峰（即 111）。原位XRD和电化学测试用于研究O2型作为可充电锂电池正极的行为。它表现出大约 180 mAh/g 的大可逆容量，分为两个以 2.8 V 和 3.9 V 为中心的平台。 原位 XRD 证明在初始相变后，在此期间所有禁衍射峰消失，锂的提取和插入发生而没有任何一阶相变。该材料保持分层，在循环过程中不会转变为尖晶石结构。它在 30 和 55°C 下均显示出良好的容量保持率与循环次数。带电电极上
• Study on the Regeneration of Mn₂O₃Catalyst for Simultaneous Abatement of NO<i>_x</i>and SO<i>_x</i>
  作者：Toshio Sato、Akifumi Ueno、Naoyuki Todo、Minoru Kurita、Hiroyuki Hagiwara、Akiko Nishijima、Yoshimichi Kiyozumi

  DOI：10.1246/bcsj.54.3347

  日期：1981.11

  A technique to regenerate catalysts used for the simultaneous abatement of NOx and SOx in flue gases was investigated. Formation of sulfate ions on the metal which is an active component of the catalyst was proved to be a poison for the catalysis. The most effective means to remove the sulfate ions on the catalyst is to heat the used catalyst at 300 °C in NH3–water vapor.

表征谱图