氰化镉 | 542-83-6

• 中文名称: 氰化镉
• 英文名称: Cadmium cyanide (Cd(CN)2)
• 英文别名: cadmium(2+);dicyanide
• CAS: 542-83-6
• 化学式: Cd(CN)2
• 分子量: 164.45
• InChiKey: NHMJUOSYSOOPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  0.19
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  47.6
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

镉和氰化物可以通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径被吸收。镉最初与金属硫蛋白和清蛋白结合，并主要输送到肾脏和肝脏。当镉的浓度超过了可用金属硫蛋白的浓度时，就会观察到毒性效应，而且已经证明镉-金属硫蛋白复合物可能具有损害性。镉不会发生任何直接的代谢转化，并以原形主要在尿液中排出。有机腈通过肝脏细胞色素P450酶的作用转化为氰离子。氰化物迅速被吸收并在全身分布。氰化物主要通过罗丹酶或3-巯基丙酸硫转移酶代谢成硫氰酸盐。氰化物代谢物在尿液中排出。(L6, L96)

Cadmium and cyanide are absorbed from oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and albumin and is transported mainly to the kidney and liver. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Cadmium is not known to undergo any direct metabolic conversion and is excreted unchanged, mainly in the urine. Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L6, L96)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

镉最初与金属硫蛋白结合，并运输到肾脏。当镉的浓度超过了可用金属硫蛋白的量时，就会观察到毒性效应，而且已经表明镉-金属硫蛋白复合物可能具有损害性。肾脏中镉的积累导致重要低分子量和高分子量蛋白的排泄增加。镉是锌的高亲和力类似物，可以干扰其生物过程。它还与雌激素受体结合并激活它，可能会刺激某些类型的癌细胞生长并导致其他雌激素效应，如生殖功能障碍。镉通过激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶导致细胞凋亡。有机腈在体内和体外都会分解成氰化物离子。因此，有机腈的主要毒性机制是它们产生有毒的氰化物离子或氢氰酸。氰化物是电子传递链第四复合体（存在于真核细胞线粒体膜中）中细胞色素c氧化酶的抑制剂。它与这种酶中的铁原子形成复合物。氰化物与这种细胞色素的结合阻止了电子从细胞色素c氧化酶传递到氧气。结果，电子传递链被破坏，细胞无法再通过有氧呼吸产生ATP能量。主要依赖有氧呼吸的组织，如中枢神经系统和心脏，受到特别影响。氰化物还通过结合过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、变性血红蛋白、羟钴胺素、磷酸酶、酪氨酸酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和Cu/Zn超氧化物歧化酶来产生一些毒性效应。氰化物与变性血红蛋白中的铁离子结合形成无活性的氰化变性血红蛋白。（L8，A18，A19，A28，L97）

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L8, A18, A19, A28, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

长期暴露于镉烟雾可能会导致化学性肺炎、肺水肿以及诸如支气管炎和肺气肿等肺部疾病。镉还会在肾脏中积累，造成永久性损害。还会出现骨密度丧失。短时间内接触高浓度的氰化物会损害大脑和心脏，甚至可能导致昏迷、癫痫、呼吸暂停、心脏骤停和死亡。长期吸入氰化物会引起呼吸困难、胸痛、呕吐、血象改变、头痛和甲状腺肿大。皮肤接触氰化物盐可能会引起刺激并产生溃疡。

Chronic exposure to cadmium fumes can cause chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Cadmium also accumulates in the kidneys, causing permanent damage. Loss of bone density also occurs. Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L6, L96, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L6）；吸入（L6）；皮肤（L6）

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

急性吸入镉烟尘会导致金属烟雾热，其特点是寒战、发热、头痛、乏力、鼻和喉咙干燥、胸痛和咳嗽。摄入镉会引起呕吐和腹泻。氰化物中毒的特征是呼吸急促、气短、全身虚弱、眩晕、头痛、眩晕、混乱、抽搐/癫痫，最终导致意识丧失。

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L6, L96, L97)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  T+,N
• 安全说明：
  S28,S29,S45,S60,S61,S7
• 危险类别码：
  R32,R33,R26/27/28,R50/53,R68
• 海关编码：
  2837199013
• 危险类别：
  6.1(a)
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 2570