L-malic acid ; ammonium-dimolybdo-L malate | 14973-22-9

• 英文名称: L-malic acid ; ammonium-dimolybdo-L malate
• 英文别名: L-Aepfelsaeure; Ammonium-dimolybdo-L-malat
• CAS: 14973-22-9；77697-25-7
• 化学式: 2C₄H₄O₅*5H₂O*4H₄N*MoO₃
• 分子量: 570.314
• InChiKey: AKAIMVCXZFXBGT-SRLMBBJVSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  None
• 重原子数：
  None
• 可旋转键数：
  None
• 环数：
  None
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  None
• 拓扑面积：
  None
• 氢给体数：
  None
• 氢受体数：
  None

反应信息

• 作为产物：
  描述：

  苹果酸 在 ammonium molybdate 、 氨 作用下， 生成 L-malic acid ; ammonium-dimolybdo-L malate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Darmois; Perin, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 1923, vol. 176, p. 392,393

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Bayesian Inference for Hospital Quality in a Selection Model
  作者：John Geweke、Gautam Gowrisankaran、Robert J. Town

  DOI：10.1111/1468-0262.00444

  日期：2003.7

  This paper develops new econometric methods to infer hospital quality in a model with discrete dependent variables and nonrandom selection. Mortality rates in patient discharge records are widely used to infer hospital quality. However, hospital admission is not random and some hospitals may attract patients with greater unobserved severity of illness than others. In this situation the assumption of random admission leads to spurious inference about hospital quality. This study controls for hospital selection using a model in which distance between the patient's residence and alternative hospitals are key exogenous variables. Bayesian inference in this model is feasible using a Markov chain Monte Carlo posterior simulator, and attaches posterior probabilities to quality comparisons between individual hospitals and groups of hospitals. The study uses data on 74,848 Medicare patients admitted to 114 hospitals in Los Angeles County from 1989 through 1992 with a diagnosis of pneumonia. It finds the smallest and largest hospitals to be of the highest quality. There is strong evidence of dependence between the unobserved severity of illness and the assignment of patients to hospitals, whereby patients with a high unobserved severity of illness are disproportionately admitted to high quality hospitals. Consequently a conventional probit model leads to inferences about quality that are markedly different from those in this study's selection model.
• Efficient Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Using the Estimated Propensity Score
  作者：Keisuke Hirano、Guido W. Imbens、Geert Ridder

  DOI：10.1111/1468-0262.00442

  日期：2003.7

  We are interested in estimating the average effect of a binary treatment on a scalar outcome. If assignment to the treatment is exogenous or unconfounded, that is, independent of the potential outcomes given covariates, biases associated with simple treatment-control average comparisons can be removed by adjusting for differences in the covariates. Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) show that adjusting solely for differences between treated and control units in the propensity score removes all biases associated with differences in covariates. Although adjusting for differences in the propensity score removes all the bias, this can come at the expense of efficiency, as shown by Hahn (1998), Heckman, Ichimura, and Todd (1998), and Robins, Mark, and Newey (1992). We show that weighting by the inverse of a nonparametric estimate of the propensity score, rather than the true propensity score, leads to an efficient estimate of the average treatment effect. We provide intuition for this result by showing that this estimator can be interpreted as an empirical likelihood estimator that efficiently incorporates the information about the propensity score.
• The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators
  作者：Javier Alvarez、Manuel Arellano

  DOI：10.1111/1468-0262.00441

  日期：2003.7

  In this paper we derive the asymptotic properties of within groups (WG), GMM, and LIML estimators for an autoregressive model with random effects when both T and N tend to infinity. GMM and LIML are consistent and asymptotically equivalent to the WG estimator. When T/N --> 0 the fixed T results for GMM and LIML remain valid, but WG, although consistent, has an asymptotic bias in its asymptotic distribution. When TIN tends to a positive constant, the WG, GMM, and LIML estimators exhibit negative asymptotic biases of order 1/T, 1/N, and 1/(2N - T), respectively. In addition, the crude GMM estimator that neglects the autocorrelation in first differenced errors is inconsistent as T/N --> c > 0, despite being consistent for fixed T. Finally, we discuss the properties of a random effects pseudo MLE with unrestricted initial conditions when both T and N tend to infinity.
• Darmois, Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1928, vol. <4>43, p. 1216,1218
  作者：Darmois

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• Games Played Through Agents
  作者：Andrea Prat、Aldo Rustichini

  DOI：10.1111/1468-0262.00437

  日期：2003.7

  We introduce a game of complete information with multiple principals and multiple common agents. Each agent makes a decision that can affect the payoffs of all principals. Each principal offers monetary transfers to each agent conditional on the action taken by the agent. We characterize pure-strategy equilibria and we provide conditions-in terms of game balancedness-for the existence of an equilibrium with an efficient outcome. Games played through agents display a type of strategic inefficiency that is absent when either there is a unique principal or there is a unique agent.