肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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鼠心房利钠尿肽(126-150) | Auriculin B | 90052-57-6 | C113H177N39O35S2 |
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黑色素聚集激酶素(MCH) | H-Asp-Thr-Met-Arg-Cys(1)-Met-Val-Gly-Arg-Val-Tyr-Arg-Pro-Cys(1)-Trp-Glu-Val-OH | 87218-84-6 | C89H139N27O24S4 |
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黄体酮-释放因子II | LHRH, his(5)-trp(7)-tyr(8)- | 91097-16-4 | C60H69N17O13 |
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黄体生成素释放激素 | LHRH diacetate | 71447-49-9 | C59H83N17O17 |
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黄体生成素-释放激素 | Gonadorelin diacetate | 9034-40-6 | C55H75N17O13 |
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鲑鱼促性腺激素释放激素 | Pyr-his-trp-ser-tyr-gly-trp-leu-pro-gly-NH2 | 86073-88-3 | C60H73N15O13 |
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高氯酸3-甲基-2-[(E)-[3-[(Z)-(3-甲基噻唑烷-2-亚基)甲基]环己-2-烯-1-亚基]甲基]-4,5-二氢噻唑-3-正离子 | Hatt-LHRH | 97850-15-2 | C64H78N20O13 |
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髓磷脂碱性蛋白(4-14)(N-乙酰化) | Myelin Basic Protein MBP | 126768-94-3 | C60H103N21O17 |
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骨胶原型号IVα1(531-543) | Collagen type IV alpha1 (531-543) | 119953-02-5 | C74H110N18O21 |
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颗粒释放肽R | Granuliberin R | 64704-41-2 | C69H103N19O14 |
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预重组信号序列肽 | Pretrypsinogen signal sequence peptide | 104582-22-1 | C86H136N16O17 |
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降钙素,猪 | Calcitonin, porcine | 12321-44-7 | C159H234N46O45S3 |
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阿那立肽 | atrial natriuretic peptide | 95896-08-5 | C112H175N39O35S3 |
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阿肽加定 | Gardimycin | 59165-34-3 | C81H132N20O23 |
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阿维降钙素 | Avicatonin | 103451-84-9 | C147H245N41O46 |
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阿朴脂蛋白B碎片3358-3372*酰胺 | H-Thr-Arg-Leu-Thr-Arg-Lys-Arg-Gly-Leu-Lys-Leu-Ala-Thr-Ala-Leu-NH2 | 117047-99-1 | C74H141N27O18 |
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阿巴帕肽 | 4-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-(2-aminopropanoylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[(1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | 247062-33-5 | C174H300N56O49 |
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铂,二氯[4,4'-(1-三氮烯-1,3-二基)二[苯碳杂氧杂脒]]-,二盐酸,(SP-4-3)-(9CI) | Protein kinase inhibitor peptide | 128022-93-5 | C84H136N28O27 |
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钴啉醇酰胺,Co-(氰基-kC)-,磷酸(酯),内盐,3'-酯和(1,3-二氢-5,6-二甲基-1-a-D-呋喃核糖基-2H-苯并咪唑-2-酮-2-14C-kN3)(9CI)二氢 | Leucomyosuppressin | 106884-19-9 | C59H84N16O15 |
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钙调神经磷酸酶底物 | Calcineurin substrate | 113873-67-9 | C92H150N28O29 |
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钙调磷酸酶自抑制片段 | L-Proline,l-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-phenylalanyl-L-a-glutamyl-L-a-glutamyl-L-alanyl-L-Lysylglycyl-L-Leucyl-L-a-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-a-glutamyl-L-arginyl-l-methionyl-l- | —— | C124H205N39O39S2 |
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钙调磷酸酶自抑制片段 | L-Proline, L-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alanyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-methionyl- | 148067-21-4 | C124H205N39O39S2 |
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钙绿 | Bombinin-like peptide-3 | 138220-02-7 | C108H183N31O29 |
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钙抑肽 | hCCAP | 85916-47-8 | C97H154N34O36S2 |
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重组人表皮生长因子 | Nepidermin | 62253-63-8 | C270H401N73O83S7 |
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醋酸西曲瑞克 | cetrorelix | 120287-85-6 | C70H92ClN17O14 |
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醋酸西曲瑞克 | Cetrorelix Acetate | 145672-81-7 | C74H100ClN17O18 |
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醋酸西曲瑞克 | Cetrorelix acetate | 1631741-31-5 | C2H4O2*C70H92ClN17O14 |
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醋酸萘法瑞林 | Synarel | 86220-42-0 | C68H89N17O16 |
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醋酸胰泌素 | acetic acid;5-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[5-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[5-amino-1-[[2-[[1-[(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C132H224N44O43 |
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醋酸替可克肽 | Tetracosactide acetate | 60189-34-6 | C138H214N40O33S |
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醋酸曲普瑞林 | triptorelin acetate | 140194-24-7 | C2H4O2*C64H82N18O13 |
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醋酸普兰林肽 | Triproamylin acetate | 187887-46-3 | C173H271N51O55S2 |
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醋酸强啡肽A(1-13) | dynorphin A-(1-13) | 72957-38-1 | C75H126N24O15 |
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醋酸地加瑞克 | degarelix | 214766-78-6 | C82H103ClN18O16 |
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醋酸利那洛肽 | Linaclotide acetate | 851199-60-5 | C61H83N15O23S6 |
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醋酸促黄体素释放激素 | Gonadorelin acetate hydrate | 52699-48-6 | C57H81N17O16 |
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醋酸依降钙素 | (4S)-4-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22R)-22-amino-16-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10,19-bis(hydroxymethyl)-13-(2-methylpropyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexazacyclotricosane-4-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-carbamoylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C146H241N43O47S2 |
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酰基载体蛋白 (65-74) | H-Val-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Gly-OH | 66851-75-0 | C47H74N12O16 |
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酪蛋白激酶I底物 | H-Arg-Arg-Lys-Asp-Leu-His-Asp-Asp-Glu-Glu-Asp-Glu-Ala-Met-Ser-Ile-Thr-Ala-OH | 154444-97-0 | C85H139N27O35S |
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过氧化氢,7-氧杂二环[4.1.0]庚-2-基(9CI) | Delmitide | 287096-87-1 | C59H105N17O11 |
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角蝰毒素S6c | Toxine from Israeli snake Atractaspis engaddensis | —— | C103H147N27O37S5 |
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角蝰毒素S6b | Sarafotoxin b | 116303-65-2 | C110H162N26O35S5 |
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角朊毒素B | Ceratotoxin B protein, Ceratitis capitata | 150671-05-9 | C135H235N35O32 |
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西那普肽 | Sinapultide | 138531-07-4 | C126H238N26O22 |
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西曲瑞克三氟乙酸盐 | SB-75*trifluoroacetate | 130289-71-3 | C2HF3O2*C70H92ClN17O14 |
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表皮生长因子 | Urogastrone | 62229-50-9 | C257H381N73O83S7 |
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血纤维蛋白肽B | (4S)-5-[2-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-carboxybutyl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]imino-2-hydroxyethyl]imino-4-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-3-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-1,4-dihydroxy-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-[[1-hydroxy-2-[[hydroxy-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]amino]ethylidene]amino]-3-methylbutylidene]amino]-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,4-dihydroxy-4-iminobutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C66H93N19O25 |
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血纤维蛋白肽A(人) | Fibrinopeptide A | 25422-31-5 | C63H97N19O26 |
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血管舒缓激肽-增强肽C | Bradykinin potentiator C | 30953-20-9 | C51H77N11O13 |
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