Maitotoxin | 59392-53-9

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 英文名称: Maitotoxin
• CAS: 59392-53-9
• 化学式: C164H256Na2O68S2
• 分子量: 3425.9
• InChiKey: NWQUHAJRFNRIIU-DVGFTKJRSA-L

物化性质

• 溶解度：
  Water, Methanol, DMSO
• 颜色/状态：
  ... ladder-shaped polycyclic molecule
• 稳定性/保质期：
  避免接触水和氧化物。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -7.7
• 重原子数：
  236
• 可旋转键数：
  34
• 环数：
  32.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.95
• 拓扑面积：
  1010
• 氢给体数：
  28
• 氢受体数：
  68

ADMET

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 立即急救：确保已经进行了充分的中和。如果患者停止呼吸，请开始人工呼吸，最好使用需求阀复苏器、球囊阀面罩设备或口袋面罩，按训练操作。如有必要，执行心肺复苏。立即用缓慢流动的水冲洗受污染的眼睛。不要催吐。如果患者呕吐，让患者向前倾或将其置于左侧（如果可能的话，头部向下），以保持呼吸道畅通，防止吸入。保持患者安静，维持正常体温。寻求医疗帮助。 /毒物A和B/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道（如有需要，使用口咽或鼻咽气道）。如有必要，进行吸痰。观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有需要，协助通气。通过非重复呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺水肿，如有必要，进行治疗……。监测休克，如有必要，进行治疗……。预期癫痫发作，如有必要，进行治疗……。对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在运输过程中，用0.9%的生理盐水（NS）持续冲洗每只眼睛……。不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能够吞咽，有强烈的呕吐反射，并且不流口水，用温水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释……。在去污染后，用干燥的无菌敷料覆盖皮肤烧伤……。/毒物A和B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于无意识、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……。对于严重的支气管痉挛，考虑给予β激动剂，如沙丁胺醇……。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……。开始静脉输注D5W /SRP: "保持开放"，最低流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸林格氏液。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象……。使用地西泮或劳拉西泮治疗癫痫……。使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……。 /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 人类毒性摘录

体征和症状/雪卡毒素是一类热稳定、脂溶性、高度氧化的环状聚醚分子，其结构框架让人联想到布雷韦毒素，可能有超过20种毒素参与雪卡鱼中毒（CFP）... 雪卡毒素...被认为是细胞质中钠和/或钙流最有效的激活剂。它们产生超过175种雪卡病症状，分为四类：胃肠道、神经、心血管和一般症状。应该强调的是，不同海洋中的雪卡病症状不同：在太平洋中，神经症状占主导地位，而在加勒比海中，由于毒素组成的不同，胃肠道症状占主导地位。雪卡毒素和马伊托毒素是与CFP最相关的两种毒素...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The ciguatoxins are a family of heat-stable, lipid-soluble, highly oxygenated, cyclic polyether molecules with a structural framework reminiscent of the brevetoxins, and more than 20 toxins may be involved in ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). ... Ciguatoxins ... are regarded as the most potent activators of sodium and/or calcium fluxes in the cytoplasm in various cells. They produce more than 175 ciguateric symptoms, classified into four categories: gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular and general symptoms. It should be emphasized that the symptoms of ciguatera vary in different oceans: in the Pacific Ocean neurological symptoms predominate, while in the Caribbean Sea the gastrointestinal symptoms dominate due to the difference in toxin composition. Ciguatoxin and maitotoxin are the two most common toxins associated with CFP ...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 人类毒性摘录

ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)会引起胃肠道、神经系统和心血管症状，这些症状通常在食用受污染鱼类后12到24小时内开始出现。最初出现的胃肠道症状包括腹泻、腹痛、恶心和呕吐，随后是神经系统症状，包括手和脚的麻木和刺痛感、头晕、温度感觉异常、肌肉疼痛以及心跳和血压降低。在极端情况下，可能会因呼吸衰竭而死亡。/ciguatera/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) produces gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms which usually begin developing within 12 to 24 hours of eating contaminated fish. Initially, gastrointestinal symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting occur, followed by neurological symptoms of numbness and tingling of hands and feet, dizziness, altered hot/ cold perception , muscle aches, and low heart rates and blood pressure. In extreme cases, death occurs through respiratory failure. /Ciguatera/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

CFP（雪卡毒素中毒）是世界上最常见报告的海洋毒素疾病，由食用受污染的珊瑚礁鱼类（如梭鱼、石斑鱼和鲷鱼）引起。据估计，每年大约有25,000人受到雪卡毒素的影响，CFP被视为一个世界性的健康问题。雪卡毒素的来源已确定是一种名为Gambierdiscus toxicus的裸甲藻物种，它最初产生的是mtxs（大田原毒素），这是雪卡毒素的疏水性前体。这些前体通过食草鱼类和无脊椎动物摄食G. toxicus后转化为雪卡毒素，然后在高营养级中积累。

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), which is the most commonly reported marine toxin disease in the world, is caused by consumption of contaminated coral reef fishes such as barracuda, grouper, and snapper. It is estimated that approximately 25,000 people are affected annually by ciguatoxins and CFP is regarded as a world health problem. The origin of ciguatera toxins has been identified in a dinoflagellate species, Gambierdiscus toxicus, which originally produces maitotoxins (MTXs), the lipophilic precursors of ciguatoxin. These precursors are biotransformed to ciguatoxins by herbivorous fishes and invertebrates grazing on G. toxicus and then accumulated in higher trophic levels.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 安全说明：
  SLD50