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artemether | 71963-77-4

中文名称
——
中文别名
——
英文名称
artemether
英文别名
Pharmakon1600-01505032;(1S,4S,5R,8S,9R,12R,13R)-10-methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecane
artemether化学式
CAS
71963-77-4
化学式
C16H26O5
mdl
——
分子量
298.379
InChiKey
SXYIRMFQILZOAM-DAWBJHCGSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    86-88°C
  • 比旋光度:
    D19.5 +171° (c = 2.59 in CHCl3)
  • 沸点:
    359.79°C (rough estimate)
  • 密度:
    1.0733 (rough estimate)
  • 溶解度:
    二甲基亚砜:≥20mg/mL
  • 颜色/状态:
    Crystals
  • 蒸汽压力:
    4X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
  • 旋光度:
    Specific optical rotation = 177 deg at 19.5 °C
  • 稳定性/保质期:

    可燃;燃烧会产生刺激性烟雾。

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    3.1
  • 重原子数:
    21
  • 可旋转键数:
    1
  • 环数:
    5.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    1.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    46.2
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    5

ADMET

代谢
Artemether ... 被转化为二氢青蒿素 ... 青蒿素类药物的抗疟疾效果主要来自二氢青蒿素 ...
Artemether ... /is/ converted to dihydroartemisinin ... The antimalarial effect of artemisinin compounds results primarily from dihydroartemisinin ...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
青蒿素在大鼠口服给药后可以完全且迅速地被吸收。然而,即使在300毫克/千克的剂量下,也获得了非常低的血浆平。肝脏被发现是失活的主要场所。当青蒿素通过肌肉注射给药时,可以检测到显著且更持久的血浆平。青蒿素在静脉注射后能够通过血脑屏障和胎盘屏障。在48小时内,无论给药途径如何,尿液中或粪便中几乎未发现未改变形态的青蒿素。在人给药后确定的代谢物包括去氧青蒿素、去氧二氢青蒿素和9,10-二羟基去氧青蒿素。/青蒿素/
Artemisinin is completely and rapidly absorbed after oral administration in rats. However, a very low plasma level was obtained even after a dose of 300 mg/kg. Liver was found to be the chief site of inactivation. When artemisinin was given i.m., significant and more persistent plasma levels were detected. Artemisinin was shown to pass the blood-brain and blood-placenta barriers after i.v. injection. Very little unchanged artemisinin was found in the urine or feces in 48 hours regardless of the route of administration. Metabolites identified after administration to humans include deoxyartemisinin, deoxydihydroartemisinin, and 9,10-dihydroxydeoxyartemisinin. /Artemisinin/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
本研究旨在评估葡萄柚汁对青蒿琥酯生物利用度随时间下降的影响。在一项随机、两阶段交叉研究中,八名健康男性受试者每天一次服用100毫克口服青蒿琥酯,并配以350毫升或350毫升双重浓度的新鲜冷冻葡萄柚汁,持续5天。在第1天和第5天,收集了17个血液样本,持续8小时。与第1天相比,第5天最后一次给药后的青蒿琥酯平均峰值血浆浓度(Cmax)和平均浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)约为三分之一,摄入后消除半衰期没有变化(Cmax的P值为.006;AUC的P值为.005),摄入葡萄柚汁后也是如此(Cmax和AUC的P值均小于.001)。葡萄柚汁使第1天(P值为.021)和第5天(Cmax的P值为.05;AUC的P值为.004)的Cmax和AUC增加了两倍。活性代谢物双氢青蒿素在摄入葡萄柚汁后Cmax(P值为.006)和AUC(P值为.001)也增加了两倍,药代动力学参数没有时间依赖性变化。葡萄柚汁显著增加了青蒿琥酯的口服生物利用度,但并未阻止生物利用度随时间的降低。这表明肠道壁中的CYP3A4是青蒿琥酯的代谢酶之一,但似乎不参与自诱导过程。
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit juice on the decreasing bioavailability over time of artemether. In a randomized, two-phase crossover study, eight healthy male subjects took 100 mg oral artemether with 350 mL water or with 350 mL double-strength fresh frozen grapefruit juice once daily for 5 days. On day 1 and day 5, 17 blood samples were collected over a period of 8 hours. The mean peak artemether plasma concentration (Cmax) and the mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) after the last dose at day 5 were about one third compared with day 1, without a change in the elimination half-life after intake with water (P = .006 for Cmax; P = .005 for AUC) and with grapefruit juice (P < .001 for Cmax and AUC). Grapefruit juice increased Cmax (P = .021) and AUC (P < .001) twofold on day 1 (P = .021) and day 5 (P = .05 for Cmax; P = .004 for AUC). Dihydroartemisinin, the active metabolite, showed a twofold increase in Cmax (P = .006) and AUC (P = .001) with grapefruit juice, without time-dependent changes of pharmacokinetic parameters. Grapefruit juice significantly increased the oral bioavailability of artemether but did not prevent the time-dependent reduction in bioavailability. It suggests that CYP3A4 in the gut wall is one of the metabolizing enzymes of artemether but seems to not be involved in the autoinduction process.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
关于退热药可能削弱宿主对疟疾防御能力的担忧,因为使用退热药与寄生虫清除延迟有关。然而,这似乎是由于延迟了细胞粘附,这很可能是有益的。在疟疾治疗中没有理由不使用退热药。对乙酰氨基酚扑热息痛)和布洛芬是降低发热的首选药物。
There has been some concern that antipyretics might attenuate the host defense against malaria, as their use is associated with delayed parasite clearance. However, this appears to result from delaying cytoadherence, which is likely to be beneficial. There is no reason to withhold antipyretics in malaria. ...Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen are the preferred options for reducing fever.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 解毒与急救
基本治疗:建立专利气道(如需要,使用口咽或鼻咽气道)。如有必要,进行吸痰。密切观察呼吸不足的迹象,并在需要时辅助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺肿,并在必要时进行治疗……。监测休克,并在必要时进行治疗……。预防癫痫发作,并在必要时进行治疗……。对于眼睛污染,立即用冲洗眼睛。在转运过程中,用0.9%的生理盐(NS)连续冲洗每只眼睛……。不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入,如果患者能吞咽、有强烈的干呕反射且不流口,则用温冲洗口腔,并给予5毫升/千克,最多200毫升的进行稀释……。在去污后,用干燥的无菌敷料覆盖皮肤烧伤……。/毒物A和B/
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 解毒与急救
高级治疗:对于昏迷的患者、严重肺肿的患者或严重呼吸窘迫的患者,考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用带气囊的面罩进行正压通气技术可能有益。考虑对肺肿进行药物治疗...。对于严重的支气管痉挛,考虑给予β激动剂,如沙丁胺醇...。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常...。开始静脉输注D5W/SRP:“保持开放”,最小流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象,使用0.9%生理盐(NS)或乳酸钠林格氏液。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压,谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象...。使用地西泮劳拉西泮治疗癫痫...。使用丙美卡因化物协助眼部冲洗...。/毒物A和B/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 人类毒性摘录
病例报告:共有83名患有恶性疟疾的孕妇接受了青蒿琥酯青蒿素的给药,通常随后使用喹宁或氯喹,每周跟踪直到分娩。总体而言,73例妊娠(88%)以活产告终,3例(4%)流产,2例(3%)死产。没有发现先天性异常,46名跟踪超过一年的儿童都正常发育。
/CASE REPORTS/ A total of 83 pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, administered artesunate or artemether, often followed by quinine or mefloquine, were followed weekly until delivery. Overall 73 pregnancies (88%) resulted in live births, 3 (4%) in abortions, and 2 (3%) in still births. There were no congenital abnormalities and the 46 children followed for more than a year all developed normally
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
少量或没有给予的药物或二氢青蒿素可以在尿液中回收。/二氢青蒿素/
Little or none of the administered drugs or dihydroartemisinin is recovered in urine. /Dihydroartemisinin/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
肌肉给药后,药代动力学表明阿莫地喹AM)在给药后2到4小时达到血浆峰值平,消除缓慢,并且随着重复给药有累积的趋势。主要代谢物二氢青蒿素DHA)的平较低。脑脊液(CSF)中的AM平低于血浆平的10%。口服给药后,AM的浓度远低于肌肉给药。DHA在第1天的浓度较高,但在第7天几乎为零,这表明在狗体内DHA迅速失活。第8次口服给药后2小时,CSF中未检测到AMDHA,这可能是狗口服AM后未出现神经毒性的原因。
After intramuscular administration pharmacokinetics indicated peak plasma levels of artemether (AM) at 2 to 4 hours post-dose, slow elimination and a tendency to accumulate after repeated administration. Only low levels of the major metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), were found. AM levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were < 10% of plasma levels. After oral administration AM concentrations were considerably lower than after i.m. administration. The concentration of DHA was high on day 1 but almost nil on day 7 indicating its fast inactivation in dogs. Two hours after the 8th oral administration neither AM nor DHA was detected in CSF which may explain the absence of neurotoxicity in dogs after oral administration of AM.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
这项研究调查了肌肉注射蒿甲醚及其主要血浆代谢物双氢青蒿素的药代动力学,研究对象是恶性疟疾严重发作的患者。研究纳入了6名患有急性肾衰竭(ARF)的重症恶性疟疾患者和11名没有ARF的患者。他们接受了肌肉注射蒿甲醚的负荷剂量160毫克,随后连续6天每天80毫克(总剂量640毫克)。有无ARF的患者对治疗的初始反应良好;寄生虫和发热清除时间分别为66(30至164)和76(36至140)小时(中位数(范围))。在治疗开始后的7天内,没有患者在周围血液涂片中再次出现寄生虫血症。昏迷患者的意识恢复时间为51.6(22至144)小时。蒿甲醚在注射160毫克剂量后1小时就可以在血浆中检测到,在大多数情况下,24小时内降至检测不到的平。与没有ARF的患者相比,ARF患者的Cmax显著较高(2.38(1.89至3.95)vs 1.56(1.05至3.38)ng/mL/mg剂量),Vz/F(5.45(3.2至6.9)vs 8.6(4.2至12.3)L/kg)和CL/F(7.4(5.4至13.8)vs 19.1(8.5至25.1)mL/min/kg)显著较低。此外,ARF患者的t1/2z显著更长(7.0(5.5至10.0)vs 5.7(4.2至6.6)小时)。两组之间双氢青蒿素的药代动力学相似。ARF显著改变了肌肉注射蒿甲醚的药代动力学。这些变化可能是由于吸收/生物利用度提高、系统性清除率降低或药物血浆蛋白结合改变所致。
The pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artemether and its major plasma metabolite-dihydroartemisinin, were investigated in patients with severe manifestations of falciparum malaria. Six severe falciparum malaria patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and 11 without ARF were recruited into the study. They were treated with intramuscular artemether at a loading dose of 160 mg, followed by daily doses of 80 mg for another 6 days (total dose 640 mg). Patients with and without ARF showed a good initial response to treatment; the parasite and fever clearance times were 66 (30 to 164) and 76 (36 to 140) hr (median (range)), respectively. None had reappearance of parasitaemia in their peripheral blood smear within 7 days of initiation of treatment. In comatose patients, the time to recovery of consciousness was 51.6 (22 to 144) hr. Artemether was detected in plasma as early as 1hr after a 160 mg dose, and declined to undetectable levels within 24 hr in most cases. Patients with ARF had significantly higher Cmax (2.38 (1.89 to 3.95) vs 1.56 (1.05 to 3.38) ng/mL/mg dose), and lower Vz/F (5.45 (3.2 to 6.9) vs 8.6 (4.2 to 12.3) L/kg) and CL/F (7.4 (5.4 to 13.8) vs 19.1 (8.5 to 25.1) mL/min/kg) when compared to those without ARF. In addition, t1/2z, was significantly longer in ARF patients (7.0 (5.5 to 10.0) vs 5.7 (4.2 to 6.6) hr). The parmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin in the two groups were comparable. ARF significantly modified the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artemether. The changes could be contributed to either improved absorption/bioavailability, a reduction of systemic clearance, or a change in plasma protein binding of the drug.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
Dihydroartemisinin 口服给药后迅速吸收,大约在2.5小时后达到峰值。通过直肠给药的吸收较慢,峰值在大约给药后4小时出现。血浆蛋白结合率约为55%。通过肠道和肝脏葡萄糖醛酸化的消除半衰期大约为45分钟。/Dihydroartemisinin/
Dihydroartemisinin is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, reaching peak levels after around 2.5 hr. Absorption via the rectal route is somewhat slower, with peak levels occurring around 4 hr after administration. Plasma protein binding is around 55%. Elimination half-life is approximately 45 min via intestinal and hepatic glucuronidation. /Dihydroartemisinin/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 危险品标志:
    Xn
  • 安全说明:
    S24/25
  • 危险类别码:
    R22
  • WGK Germany:
    3
  • 海关编码:
    2932999099
  • 危险品运输编号:
    OTH
  • 危险标志:
    GHS07
  • 危险性描述:
    H302
  • 储存条件:
    通风、低温、干燥

SDS

SDS:846278fc121ba54e6ca17870b7609ac3
查看
1.1 产品标识符
: ArTEMetHER
产品名称
1.2 鉴别的其他方法
DihydroarTEMisinin methyl etHER
DihydroqinghaOSu methyl etHER
SM-224
1.3 有关的确定了的物质或混合物的用途和建议不适合的用途
仅供科研用途,不作为药物、家庭备用药或其它用途。

模块 2. 危险性概述
2.1 GHS分类
急性毒性, 经口 (类别4)
2.2 GHS 标记要素,包括预防性的陈述
象形图
警示词 警告
危险申明
H302 吞咽有害。
警告申明
预防
P264 操作后彻底清洁皮肤。
P270 使用本产品时不要进食、饮或吸烟。
措施
P301 + P312 如果吞下去了: 如感觉不适,呼救解毒中心或看医生。
P330 漱口。
处理
P501 将内容物/ 容器处理到得到批准的废物处理厂。
2.3 其它危害物 - 无

模块 3. 成分/组成信息
3.1 物 质
: DihydroarTEMisinin methyl etHER
别名
DihydroqinghaOSu methyl etHER
SM-224
: C16H26O5
分子式
: 298.37 g/mol
分子量
组分 浓度或浓度范围
ARTEMETHER
-
CAS 号 71963-77-4

模块 4. 急救措施
4.1 必要的急救措施描述
一般的建议
请教医生。 出示此安全技术说明书给到现场的医生看。
吸入
如果吸入,请将患者移到新鲜空气处。 如果停止了呼吸,给于人工呼吸。 请教医生。
皮肤接触
用肥皂和大量的冲洗。 请教医生。
眼睛接触
冲洗眼睛作为预防措施。
食入
切勿给失去知觉者从嘴里喂食任何东西。 用漱口。 请教医生。
4.2 主要症状和影响,急性和迟发效应
据我们所知,此化学,物理和毒性性质尚未经完整的研究。
4.3 及时的医疗处理和所需的特殊处理的说明和指示
无数据资料

模块 5. 消防措施
5.1 灭火介质
灭火方法及灭火剂
雾,耐醇泡沫,干粉或二氧化碳灭火。
5.2 源于此物质或混合物的特别的危害
碳氧化物
5.3 给消防员的建议
如必要的话,戴自给式呼吸器去救火。
5.4 进一步信息
无数据资料

模块 6. 泄露应急处理
6.1 人员的预防,防护设备和紧急处理程序
使用个人防护设备。 防止吸入蒸汽、气雾或气体。 保证充分的通风。
6.2 环境保护措施
不要让产物进入下道。
6.3 抑制和清除溢出物的方法和材料
用惰性吸附材料吸收并当作危险废品处理。 存放进适当的闭口容器中待处理。
6.4 参考其他部分
丢弃处理请参阅第13节。

模块 7. 操作处置与储存
7.1 安全操作的注意事项
避免接触皮肤和眼睛。 防止吸入蒸汽和烟雾。
一般性的防火保护措施。
7.2 安全储存的条件,包括任何不兼容性
贮存在阴凉处。 容器保持紧闭,储存在干燥通风处。
打开了的容器必须仔细重新封口并保持竖放位置以防止泄漏。
7.3 特定用途
无数据资料

模块 8. 接触控制和个体防护
8.1 容许浓度
最高容许浓度
没有已知的国家规定的暴露极限。
8.2 暴露控制
适当的技术控制
按照良好工业和安全规范操作。 休息前和工作结束时洗手。
个体防护设备
眼/面保护
面罩與安全眼鏡请使用经官方标准如NIOSH (美国) 或 EN 166(欧盟) 检测与批准的设备防护眼部。
皮肤保护
戴手套取 手套在使用前必须受检查。
请使用合适的方法脱除手套(不要接触手套外部表面),避免任何皮肤部位接触此产品.
使用后请将被污染过的手套根据相关法律法规和有效的实验室规章程序谨慎处理. 请清洗并吹干双手
所选择的保护手套必须符合EU的89/686/EEC规定和从它衍生出来的EN 376标准。
身体保护
全套防化学试剂工作服, 防护设备的类型必须根据特定工作场所中的危险物的浓度和含量来选择。
呼吸系统防护
如危险性评测显示需要使用空气净化的防毒面具,请使用全面罩式多功能防毒面具(US)或ABEK型
(EN
14387)防毒面具筒作为工程控制的候补。如果防毒面具是保护的唯一方式,则使用全面罩式送风防
毒面具。 呼吸器使用经过测试并通过政府标准如NIOSH(US)或CEN(EU)的呼吸器和零件。

模块 9. 理化特性
9.1 基本的理化特性的信息
a) 外观与性状
形状: 液体
b) 气味
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c) 气味阈值
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d) pH值
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e) 熔点/凝固点
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f) 起始沸点和沸程
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g) 闪点
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h) 蒸发速率
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i) 易燃性(固体,气体)
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j) 高的/低的燃烧性或爆炸性限度 无数据资料
k) 蒸汽压
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l) 蒸汽密度
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m) 相对密度
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n) 溶性
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o) n-辛醇/