In vitro studies ... indicated that THF was first hydroxylated by the microsomal enzymes and further cleaved to the straight chain fatty acid in the presence of cytosol.
HUMAN TOXICITY: Data pertaining to the toxicity of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in humans is quite limited. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is 50-500 mg/kg. Severe occipital headaches were reported in the testing for pharmacological properties of THF & among technicians performing animal experiments. Toxicity (TCLo) is expected following exposure to a 2.5% concn of THF. ANIMAL TOXICITY: Animal studies indicate that THF is only "MODERATELY TOXIC" from acute exposure with the lowest reported LD50's of 1900-2900 mg/kg by oral route. Median lethal concns by inhalation varied with the duration of exposure but were >20,000 ppm with all species for exposures of 1 hr or less. Reports of animal studies document irritation of the skin & mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose, & upper respiratory tract, as the predominant effect from lower exposures (about 100-200 ppm). High acute doses (about 25,000 ppm) produced anesthesia with delayed induction & recovery periods, accompanied by a fall in blood pressure & strong respiratory stimulation. The margin of safety between anesthesia & death is small. Other effects recorded are those of damage to liver, kidneys, & lung after prolonged exposures to levels of THF >1000 ppm. Toxic manifestations varied somewhat with the route of exposure with irritation of upper respiratory tract observed with inhaled THF & inflammation of the GI tract following oral ingestion. The only report on carcinogenicity is that of a test for skin tumors in which THF was applied to the skin of mice twice/wk for 25 exposures with an observation period of 17.5 months. No carcinogenic effect was observed. THF was negative when tested for mutagenicity using the Ames test; however, it would appear to enhance the mutagenicity of certain tryptophan-pyrolysate substances. No information is presented on metabolism, absorption, & distribution. The only report on excretion is the finding of THF in mother's milk.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3; 已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:四氢呋喃
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Tetrahydrofuran
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构(IARC)致癌物分类:2B组:可能对人类致癌
IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构专著:第119卷:(2019年)一些在啮齿动物中引起尿路肿瘤的化学物质
IARC Monographs:Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
THF levels in various organs as well as excretion rates were determined in three different inhalation experiments in rats: 1) 30 min exposure to 45 mg/L (15,000 ppm); 2) 30 min/day, 7 day exposure to 45 mg/L (15,000 ppm); 3) 1 hr/day, 5 days/week, 12 weeks exposure to 9 mg/L (3000 ppm). Results: 1) Immediately after the completion of the exposure the following order of THF concentrations were seen: blood > brain > kidneys > heart > liver > spleen > lung. The lowest concentration was in the lung: 200 mg/kg, in the other organs: 480-600 mg/kg (maximum excretion in exhaled air). After 1 hr 70-80% had been excreted from the organs; the remainder slowly disappeared over 12-13 hr. 2) Directly after the final exposure, the lowest value was 130-300 ug/kg as in the single exposure. Excretion in the initial phase was weaker with higher THF concentrations after 1 or 3 hr. After 6 hr the excretion rate was similar to the single exposure study. 3) Directly after the last exposure the highest THF concentration was in the thymus (160 ug/kg) and spleen (110 ug/kg), 60-100 ug/kg in the other organs. The thymus also had the highest concentration of the organs after 6 hr; the concentrations in the lungs and other organs were similar (an indication of reduced exhaled excretion); complete excretion of THF was in about 12 hr as in 1) and 2). Conclusion: tissue levels are dependent on THF-concentrations in exhaled air. Greatest excretion occurs in exhaled air. /Translated from German/
A single oral application of 300 mg/kg THF as a 10% aqueous solution was given to rats (strain and sex not given). The animals were killed 10-300 min following application and the THF concentration in liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, muscle, adipose tissue, and blood determined (gel column, mass spectroscopy). The highest THF value in the blood was at 1 hr post-application (about 200 mg/kg). The biological half-life in blood was 5 hr. THF concentrations in adipose tissue and kidneys were 1.3-1.4 times higher than in blood; levels in liver, brain, spleen, and muscle were similar to blood. Comparable levels were found in two rabbits after oral application of 700 mg/kg (half-life 4-6 hr; THF(adipose tissue)/THF(blood) ratio 1.4, ratio for remaining organs 0.5-0.9). In a second experiment with rats, 300 mg/kg doses were again used. THF concentration in blood was measured over 24 hr. It climbed rapidly to a maximum of 150 mg/kg 1.5-2 hr post-application; thereafter it declined gradually to null over 24 hr. Biological half-life in blood: 7.5 hr. /Translated from German/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
四氢呋喃在12份收集于新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和路易斯安那4个城市的母乳样本中的1份中被报告有排出。
Excretion of tetrahydrofuran in mother's milk reported in 1 of 12 samples collected in 4 urban areas in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana.
Adult male rats exposed to tetrahydrofuran vapor at 8.2 (200 ppm), 41 (1,000 ppm) or 82 mumol/l (2,000 ppm) for 2 to 18 weeks, five days a week, 6 hrs daily, showed dose-dependent brain and perirenal fat solvent burden linearly correlated to each other. After two weeks of exposure, the body burden of tetrahydrofuran seems to decrease. This might have been caused by increased oxidative metabolism as enhanced 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity was detected in liver and kidneys in the second week and onwards. The exposure also caused inhibition of alcohol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activities in liver at the highest dose. Biochemical effects in the cerebellum were not detected, while gluteal muscle specimens showed increased succinate dehydrogenase activity in a dose-related manner. This points to effects on the energy metabolism. Muscle acetylcholine esterase activity was also increased showing possible effects on the myoneural junctions.
[EN] METHOD FOR CATALYTIC OXYGENATION OF CYCLIC ETHERS WITH HOMO AND HETERO METALLIC MO/RU COMPLEXES AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN [FR] PROCEDE D'OXYGENATION CATALYTIQUE D'ETHERS CYCLIQUES AVEC DES COMPLEXES HOMOMETALLIQUES ET HETEROMETALLIQUES MO/RU ET DE L'OXYGENE MOLECULAIRE
Facile Approach for C(sp3)–H Bond Thioetherification of Isochroman
作者:Chun Cai、Jie Feng、Guoping Lu、Meifang Lv
DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1380125
日期:——
An unprecedented C–S formation protocol via the direct oxidative C(sp3 )–H bond thioesterification of isochroman under metal-free conditions was developed. A series of isochroman derivatives could be afforded efficiently by the green, simple, and atom-economical method.
Synthetic Applications of Pd(II)-Catalyzed C−H Carboxylation and Mechanistic Insights: Expedient Routes to Anthranilic Acids, Oxazolinones, and Quinazolinones
作者:Ramesh Giri、Jonathan K. Lam、Jin-Quan Yu
DOI:10.1021/ja9077705
日期:2010.1.20
carbon monoxide is discussed. Identification of two key intermediates, a mixed anhydride and benzoxazinone formed by reductive elimination from organometallic Ar(CO)Pd(II)-OTs species, provides mechanistic evidence for a dual-reaction pathway.
Substituted diether diols by ring-opening of carbocyclic and stannylene acetals
作者:Rolando Martínez-Bernhardt、Peter P. Castro、Gayane Godjoian、Carlos G. Gutiérrez
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00563-8
日期:1998.7
Reduction of malonaldehyde bis(ethylene and propylene acetals) with borane or monochloroborane produces diether diols 1 and 2 in high yield. Similar reduction of glyoxal bis(ethylene acetals) has only limited utility for the preparation of tetrasubstituted triethyleneglycols 3. Organotin chemistry is complementary: stannylene acetals prepared from disubstituted vicinal diols can be alkylated with half
Solvent-Induced Structural Transformation and Luminescence Response in a Dumbbell-Shaped Crystalline Molecular Rotor
作者:Le-Ping Miao、Qi Qi、Wen Zhang
DOI:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03504
日期:2021.3.1
Crystalline molecularrotors constitute a new class of stimuli-responsive molecular materials owing to inherent moleculardynamics. However, beyond the molecular level, the role of molecular packings on the bulk structures and related properties has yet to be fully understood. Herein, we report a crystalline molecularrotor showing solvent-induced structural transformation and luminescence response
Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease
作者:Li Luo、Qing Song、Yan Li、Zhongcheng Cao、Xiaoming Qiang、Zhenghuai Tan、Yong Deng
DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115400
日期:2020.4
of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential multi-target agents againstAlzheimer’s disease (AD). The results indicated that almost all the compounds displayed significant AChE inhibitory and selective activities. Besides, most of the derivatives exhibited increased self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation inhibitory activity compared to the lead compound