作者:Thomas M. Klapötke、Carles Miró Sabaté、Jörg Stierstorfer
DOI:10.1039/b812529e
日期:——
5-Nitro-2H-tetrazole (1), 1-methyl-5-nitrotetrazole (2) and 2-methyl-5-nitrotetrazole (3) were synthesized starting from the corresponding 5-amino-substituted tetrazoles in good yields and purities. The compounds were fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and their solid state structures were determined by low temperature X-ray diffraction techniques. Due to the potential of tetrazoles as energetic materials an extensive computational study (CBS-4M) was performed in order to estimate the energies of formation (ΔfU°) of the molecules, which are highly endothermic (1, 2527 kJ kg−1; 2, 2253 kJ kg−1 and 3, 2006 kJ kg−1). The EXPLO5 software was used to calculated the corresponding detonation velocities (Ddet) and detonation pressures (pdet) (1, Ddet = 9457 m s−1 and pdet = 390 kbar; 2, Ddet = 8085 m s−1 and pdet = 257 kbar and 3, Ddet = 8109 m s−1 and pdet = 262 kbar) by combining the ΔfU° values of the materials with the (X-ray calculated) densities and molecular formulas, giving performances comparable to commonly used secondary explosives (e.g., RDX). Lastly, all three neutral compounds can be easily initiated by impact (<2 J) and with high detonation velocities and excellent combined oxygen and nitrogen contents offer a more powerful and environmentally friendly alternative to commonly used primary explosives in initiating devices.
5-硝基-2H-四唑(1)、1-甲基-5-硝基四唑(2)和2-甲基-5-硝基四唑(3)从相应的5-氨基取代四唑开始,以良好的产率和纯度被合成。这些化合物通过分析和光谱方法进行全面表征,并通过低温X射线衍射技术确定了它们的固态结构。由于四唑作为高能量材料具有很大的潜能,因此进行了全面的计算研究(CBS-4M),以估计这些分子的生成能量(ΔfU°),这些能量具有很高的放热性(1,2527 kJ kg−1;2,2253 kJ kg−1;3,2006 kJ kg−1)。使用EXPLO5软件结合材料的ΔfU°值、(X射线计算的)密度和分子式,计算了相应的爆速(Ddet)和爆压(pdet)(1,Ddet = 9457 m s−1 和 pdet = 390 kbar;2,Ddet = 8085 m s−1 和 pdet = 257 kbar;3,Ddet = 8109 m s−1 和 pdet = 262 kbar),其性能与常用的次级炸药(例如RDX)相当。最后,所有三种中性化合物都可以通过冲击(<2 J)轻松引发,并且由于具有高爆速和出色的氧氮组合含量,为起爆装置提供了比常用初级炸药更强大且更环保的替代品。